Infants with cleft lip and palate, left cleft lip and alveolus, combined bilateral cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and age <6 months were the important risk factors for difficult laryngoscopy. Difficult intubation occurred mainly in infants with laryngoscopic views of grade III and IV.

In this article, we review lab on a chip (LOC) devices that have been developed for processing magnetically labelled biological analytes, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and cells, based on micromagnetic structures and a time-varying magnetic field. We describe the methods that have been developed for fabricating micromagnetic arrays and the bioprocessing operations that have been demonstrated using superparamagnetic (SPM) beads, i.e., programmed transport, switching, separation of specific analytes, and pumping and mixing of fluids in microchannels. The primary advantage of micromagnet devices is that they make it possible to develop systems that control individual SPM beads, enabling high-efficiency separation and analysis. These devices do not require hydrodynamic control and lend themselves to parallel processing of large arrays of SPM beads with modest levels of power consumption. Micromagnet devices are well suited for bioanalytical applications that require high-resolution separation, e.g., detection of rare cell types such as circulating tumour cells, or biosensor applications that require multiple magnetic bioprocessing operations on a single chip.

SummaryBlood pressure and heart rate changes during nasotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia were studied in 100 patients who were randomly allocated to fibreoptic bronchoscope or direct laryngoscopy intubation. Noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and immediately after anaesthesia induction, at anaesthesia intubation and every minute thereafter for 5 min. Nasotracheal intubation was accompanied by significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared to baseline values in both groups. Blood pressure and heart rate at intubation, and the maximum values of blood pressure during the observation were significantly higher in the fibreoptic bronchoscope group. However, the maximum values of heart rate were not significantly different between the two groups. Fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation may result in more severe pressor and tachycardiac responses than direct laryngoscopic nasotracheal intubation.