It has been suggested that beige fat thermogenesis is tightly controlled by epigenetic regulators that sense environmental cues such as temperature. Here, we report that subcutaneous adipose expression of the DNA demethylase TET1 is suppressed by cold and other stimulators of beige adipocyte thermogenesis. TET1 acts as an autonomous repressor of key thermogenic genes, including Ucp1 and Ppargc1a, in beige adipocytes. Adipose-selective Tet1 knockout mice generated by using Fabp4-Cre improves cold tolerance and increases energy expenditure and protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, the suppressive role of TET1 in the thermogenic gene regulation of beige adipocytes is largely DNA demethylase-independent. Rather, TET1 coordinates with HDAC1 to mediate the epigenetic changes to suppress thermogenic gene transcription. Taken together, TET1 is a potent beige-selective epigenetic breaker of the thermogenic gene program. Our findings may lead to a therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure in obesity and related metabolic disorders.

S U M M A R YChlorotic ringspots or chlorotic leaf specking, terminal bud necrosis, axillary shoot proliferation and severe stunting of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) were shown to be caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV).Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. C-152) was found to be a good assay host. TSWV remained infective in buffered sap of groundnut at a dilution of 10-2'5, after storage for 4 h at room temperature (30 "C) and for 10 min at 40 but not 45 OC.The haemagglutination test was adapted to detect TSWV in crude extracts of groundnut. Sap from infected groundnut and tomato contained spherical membranebound virus particles 70 to 90 nm diameter. The virus was transmitted by thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis).The prevalence of TSWV in India and the high incidence in groundnut indicates that the virus is economically important.All 28 species of plants tested were susceptible to the virus.

Tomato spotted wilt virus, the cause of bud necrosis of peanut, was transmitted by Scirtothrips dorsalis and Frankliniella schultzei. S. dorsalis is a new vector of the virus, but it is a less efficient vector than F. schultzei. Hemagglutination tests detected viral antigens in extracts from both thrips speSesexppsSa to ihffctedleavesT B ud necrosis is p ro b a b ly the m ost i m p o r t a n t v ir a l d is e a s e o f p e a n u t (A rachis hypogaea L.) in India (3,6). U ntil 1977, the v ecto r was unknow n,, a lth o u g h several insects including A p h is craccivora K och, E m poasca devastans Stal, O rosius spp., Bem isia tabaci G enn., and Tetranychus spp. h ad been tested (8,11,12,16, A m in unpublished).Initial investigations a t the International C rops R esearch In stitu te fo r th e Sem i-A rid T ropics research center show ed th a t th rip s w ere the m ost com m on insect pests a t the tim e o f disease developm ent, b o th d u rin g an d after rainy seasons (A m in, unpublished). Recently, the disease was show n to be caused by to m a to sp o tted w ilt virus (T SW V ), w hich is tran sm itte d by th rip s (6,14). T he m o st a b u n d a n t th rip s on p e a n u ts in H y d e ra b a d are S c i r t o t h r i p s d o r s a l i s H o o d a n d F r a n k l i n i e l l a s c h u l t z e i ( T r y b o m ), and p relim in ary tests show ed th a t the fo rm er tran sm its the causal virus o f bud necrosis (1).Approved as IC R 1SA T jo u rn al article 142.Accepted fo r publication 25 N ovember 1980.0191 -2917/81/08066303/$03.00/0 ®1981 Am erican P hytopathological S o ciety T his p a p er describes fu rth e r research o n the tran sm issio n o f T SW V by S. dorsalis, on the role o f F. sch u ltzei as a n o th e r vector, an d on the ap p licatio n of the h e m ag g lu tin atio n technique to detect viral antigen in th rip s, M A T E R IA L S A N D M E T H O D SP e a n u t (cv. TM V -2) p lan ts infected by sa p i n o c u l a ti o n (5) w e re u se d f o r a cq u isitio n feeding tests. In prelim inary ex p erim en ts, term in al leaves o f infected p lan ts were the best source o f inociilum . P e a n u t seedlings in th e second q u ad rifoliate stage were used as test plants in' early experim ents, b u t u rd bean-, ( Vigna m u n g o L. cv. U P U r l ) w as la te r su b stitu te d fo r p e a n u t since it was m ore susceptible an d show ed sym ptom s in 15-20 days co m p ared w ith 30-40 days fo r pean u t.V irus-free colonies were in itiated from 5-10 a d u lt th rip s collected in th e field and ra is e d o n p e a n u t p la n t s . A p e a n u t seedling, w ith the ro o ts rem oved, was placed in a screw -capped 500-ml plastic ja r contain in g w ater an d th e n enclosed in a la n te rn globe. Five to ten th rip s were released in to each cage a n d allow ed to o v iposit fo r 24 h r. T he new ly hatch ed nym phs were tran sfe rred to a new set of h e a lth y p e a n u ts e n c lo s e d in la n te r n ' globes. A glass funnel w ith a sm all glass vial (3 X 1 cm ) in serted in its stem was a tta ch...

No abstract

KS91WGRC14 (Reg. no. GP-343, PI 560335) is a durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) germplasm line homozygous for T1BL-1RS wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome translocation, developed cooperatively by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, the Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, USDA-ARS, and the Technical University of Munich. It was released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and the Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, as a germplasm in February 1992. KS91WGRC14 is a BQFj-derived line from the cross 'Cando'*2/'Veery'. Cando is a durum wheat cultivar, and Veeiy is a bread wheat cultivar carrying a T1BL-1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation. KS91WGRC14 is the bulked, selfed progeny of a BC,F 2 plant that had 2n = 28 chromosomes and was homozygous for T1BL-1RS, based on C-banding analysis (1). KS91WGRC14 is resistant to cultures of the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. that are avirulent to the gene Sr31 located on IRS. It is resistant to cultures of the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal) that are avirulent to the gene Pm8 located on IRS. KS91WGRC14 also produces polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic bands coded by the secalin locus on IRS (2).