We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as "sp." in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis (Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885).
ABSTRACT. Epipelagic medusae collected in the Magellan Region (Southern Patagonian Zone) during spring 2009 were analyzed. A total of 27 species of medusae were identified (25 hydromedusae and 2 scyphomedusae). Twelve medusae species were recorded for the first time in the Magellan region. Six dominant species were found: Clytia simplex (19.8%), Rhopalonema funerarium (16.2%), Aurelia sp. (15.9%), Bougainvillia muscoides (15.5%), Proboscidactyla stellata (8.9%), and Obelia spp. (6.0%). The horizontal distribution of all these species, except Obelia spp., showed the highest abundances to the south of 54°S, particularly in the Almirantazgo and Agostini fjords and in the Beagle Channel. Most of the dominant species were collected in shallow strata (0-50 m), with less saline waters (<30), except for R. funerarium, which was mainly collected above depths deeper than 25 m in more saline waters (30-33). These results confirm the success of several species in the colonization of the inland waters of the Southern Patagonian Zone.
Blooms of stinging pelagic cnidarians have been causing increasing health problems for humans worldwide. Physalia physalis is among the worst stinging species in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the North and South American coasts. This siphonophore species has a large gas float and lives at the ocean surface, where its distribution is affected mainly by winds. P. physalis's strandings were observed in the southeastern Pacific Ocean for three consecutive years (2014 to 2016). Data of stranded P. physalis were gathered daily through a collaborative effort between the Chilean Navy and the Chilean Ministry of Health. The association between oceanographic variables and the stranded P. physalis was assessed using a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) and cross-correlation analysis. The largest stranding occurred along more than 2600 km of coastline and totaled 44,683 colonies. Most of the strandings were along the central and south-central coast of Chile, where almost 200 people were stung, and more than 120 beaches were closed in summer 2016. The GAMM model showed that the oceanographic conditions of warmer temperatures during the winter periods and the weakening of the westerly winds associated with the Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were the most likely causes for the arrival of transport from the colonies to the coast. Also, our analysis illustrates the utility of collaborations among scientists and public organizations to promote large-scale and long-term understanding and provide a model for predicting this dangerous species' arrival and warning for beaches and swimmers, which is of global importance for human health.
La Carrera de Gestión Turística y Medio Ambiente de la Universidad Internacional del Ecuador Extensión Loja en conjunto con la Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco, desde agosto de 2015, vienen desarrollando actividades de monitoreo y conservación del tapir de montaña (Tapirus pinchaque) en los Andes del sur de Ecuador, específicamente en ambientes de bosque nublado y páramos de la Reserva Biológica Tapichalaca y zonas colindantes. Para ello se propuso la realización del presente proyecto que estableció un sistema de monitoreo de la especie mediante la utilización de cámaras trampa, así como un diagnóstico preliminar ymediante la observación directa de fecas y huellas, con el fin de generar datos poblacionales e imágenes únicas de esta especie en su hábitat natural e identificar los sitios más idóneos para observar estos animales en actividades de ecoturismo; además se creó un cuento didáctico en el que describe los principales aspectos ecológicos del tapir de montaña. Palabras clave: Conservación biológica, especie bandera, tapir de montaña, Reserva BiológicaTapichalaca, Parque Nacional Podocarpus
Se realizó diagnósticos participativos para conocer el estado actual del cultivo demelloco (Ullucus tuberosus L.) en la comunidad indígena de Tuncarta, Ecuador, siendo necesarioaplicar grupos focales, entrevistas y encuestas, determinando la producción muy limitada delcultivo. Una vez conocida la realidad se planteó la investigación que tuvo como propósitoconocer el comportamiento agronómico del cultivo aplicando dos clases de abono orgánico(humus de lombriz y estiércol de cabra) y para saber la eficacia se empleó un diseño estadísticoexperimental en bloques al azar, con nueve tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones totalizando 36unidades experimentales. Las variables evaluadas en el área útil de las parcelas fueron:porcentaje de brotación, días a la emergencia, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo porcentaje deincidencia de plagas y enfermedades, número de tubérculos por planta, tamaño de los tubérculosy rendimiento por planta, entre otras. Los resultados obtenidos fueron de alta significanciaestadística en las siguientes variables: tamaño y número de hojas, número de ramificaciones,número de flores, rendimiento por planta. También se evaluaron variables como el rendimientopor hectárea, en donde el ecotipo rojo con la aplicación de humus de lombriz dio el mejor pesocon el tratamiento A1B1 cuyo valor fue de 15 949,80 kg/ha y el valor más bajo registró ecotipoverde sin fertilización con 4 802,70 kg/ha. También se realizaron los costos de producción paracada tratamiento aplicados al cultivo, donde se obtuvo la mejor producción en el tratamiento 1arrojando valores en la relación beneficio – costo (B/C) de 2,19.Palabras claves: Melloco, descriptores agronómicos, producción orgánica, costos de producción,diseño estadístico.
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