Viticulture and wine making are a key part of the socio‐ecological landscape of central and south‐central Chile. The sector is comprised of both dominant export‐oriented companies (oriented to monoculture and agribusiness) and traditional small‐scale production (more‐or‐less locally embedded and community oriented). Since the 1990s, different small‐scale viticulture organizations emerged to deal with different challenges imposed by globalisation in a neoliberal institutional setting which favours extractive forms of productions (environmental resource intensive). In this article, we use the Alternative Food Network (AFN) theoretical framework and hybrid governance approach to analyse the governance tensions in five small‐scale viticulture organisations from Marga‐Marga, Lontué and Itata valleys. Using interviews and social cartography as methods, the study shows how the territorial strategies of AFNs shape governance tensions on three dimensions: geographic space, environmental resources and human relations. Finally, the article proposes a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between scalar dynamics and the socio‐environmental core values, strategic objectives and societal missions of AFNs.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social economy discourses in four regions of Chile, characterized by their internal economic heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach Using an intentional sample, semi-structured interviews were applied to 45 key informants from the public sector, universities, consultant enterprises, cooperatives and civil society organizations. Through a content analysis, thematic axes were identified that allowed to characterize and to recognize the narratives that key informants held about their initiatives, experiences or ventures. Findings The results allow us to understand the diversity of discourses and practices about alternative economies, being able to organize them from two axes: the tension between molar and molecular subjectivities; and the tension between reform and transformation (which refers to a transformative type of institutional and socio-material change). These axes propose an interpretative framework that integrates a diversity of distinctions and/or polarities and problematizes the homogeneity of formal economic discourse. Research limitations/implications The discourses analyzed by this paper offers representativeness by saturation. It do not allow to ponder for sure the relative presence of each of these discourses in the field of economic diversity. The analysis of what type of actors sustain each type of discourse remains pending. Social implications The high discourse heterogeneity makes it possible to foresee major difficulties in terms of political articulation and the visibility of various alternative economic experiences, initiatives or ventures as part of a social transformation movement. Originality/value Previous studies developed in Latin America about social and solidarity economy have been focused in objective dimensions as the volume of incomes, expenditures or jobs. This is the first study aimed at characterizing the subjective field of discourse held by different actors who recognize themselves as part of an alternative economy movement.
La estructura y funcionamiento del sistema agroalimentario hegemónico plantean importantes desafíos a la agricultura familiar, la que –al verse excluida de los parámetros de la agroindustria– va (re)construyendo alternativas que le permitan diferenciarse de las lógicas de producción y distribución dominantes. Estas alternativas buscan recuperar la autonomía y soberanía perdidas, para lo cual campesinos y campesinas emprenderían una transición hacia sistemas productivos y de comercialización que pongan en valor los conocimientos y capacidades locales. Con ello se resignifica la importancia social y cultural que acompaña a la práctica agrícola. Como parte de esta transición se reconfigurarían formas de hacer y pensar que –desde su divergencia– son capaces de reapropiarse de técnicas y saberes que históricamente han resultado sustentables y armónicos con el territorio. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un diseño mixto exploratorio secuencial, con prevalencia del enfoque cualitativo, empleando el censo y la entrevista como técnicas de recolección de información. Se buscaba, mediante un estudio descriptivo, comprender y analizar los procesos productivos y de organización que subyacen en la feria como estrategia de comercialización de experiencias orgánicas y/o agroecológicas. La zona estudiada fue la comuna de Valparaíso, Chile. Los principales hallazgos revelaron que la emergencia de estas experiencias, en el marco de profundos procesos de exclusión y fragmentación socioeconómicos, podría interpretarse como pequeños brotes de resistencia. Estos reflejarían la búsqueda de lógicas basadas en principios de cooperación y reciprocidad, reconfigurando las relaciones que se establecen con la naturaleza y recreando un vínculo con el consumidor, que va más allá de lo económico. Desde esa consideración, el espacio ferial trasciende su función económica y representaría un lugar de encuentro social y cultural, que visibiliza y reivindica los saberes y prácticas de la agricultura familiar.
The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in adult female llamas in two flocks of the Rural Alliance farm in the province of Melgar, Puno. A total of 157 blood samples were collected and analyzed using the indirect immunofluorescence test. The results indicated that 10.2 ± 4.7% (16/ 157) of llamas had antibodies against T. gondii. One flock had 13.3 ± 9.8% (6/45) seroprevalence and the other one had 8.9 ± 5.3% (10/112); however, no significant statistical differences were found between flocks or age groups. The results showed a relatively low seroprevalence to T. gondii in relation to other studies in the country.Key words: toxoplasmosis, IFI, llama, Melgar, Puno RESUMENEl objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del Toxoplasma gondii en llamas hembras adultas de dos puntas de parición de la Unidad de Producción Alianza-Antacalla, en la Empresa de propiedad social "Rural Alianza", en la provincia de Melgar-Puno. Se trabajó con 157 muestras de sangre que se analizaron con la prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se encontró que el 10.2 + 4.7% (16/157) del total de llamas hembras adultas presentaron anticuerpos contra T. gondii; siendo de 13.3 + 9.8% (6/45) y 8.9 ± 5.3% (10/112) en las puntas de Río Grande y Alianza, respectivamente. No se encontró diferencias estadísticas significativas entre puntas ni entre grupos etarios. Los resultados de este estudio muestran una seroprevalencia a T. gondii relativamente baja en relación a otros estudios similares en camélidos.
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