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Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of prophylactic intravenous (IV) clonidine and tramadol for control of intraoperative shivering following spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:After institutional ethical clearance, 142 patients were chosen from either gender, aged 20–60 years, physical status American Society of Anesthesiology Class I and II scheduled for elective infraumbilical surgery under spinal anesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group C (n = 71) received injection clonidine 50 μg) IV in 100 ml normal saline (NS) over 10 min and Group T (n = 71) received injection tramadol 50 mg IV. In 100 ml NS over 10 min after spinal anesthesia.Results:Incidence of shivering was not significant when compared between the two groups (P > 0.05). The axillary temperatures fell significantly in Group C from the baseline and remained at a significantly lower level up to 60 min after rescue drug was administered in patients who shivered. There was a similar fall in axillary temperature in Group T in patients having shivering, but the difference was not significant. When compared between the two groups among patients who shivered, the difference in fall of temperature was not significant. Side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation were significantly more common in clonidine group, whereas nausea was significantly more common patients of tramadol group.Conclusion:Prophylactic administration of both tramadol and clonidine is effective for controlling shivering under spinal anesthesia. However, tramadol is better because of higher response rate, less sedation, and lesser hemodynamic alterations.

The functional component for an FPGA is the logic element which enables it to adapt to various hardware descriptions. This behavior is mostly due to the MUX-like functional flexibility provided by these logic elements or cells. However, in recent years, decelerating transistor sizing as per Moore's law has led to diminishing power, area and delay returns over cost [22]. Hence, the idea of venturing into FPGA logic cell designs based on emerging technologies is becoming not merely attractive, but even inescapable. The present work surveys various conventional and non-conventional logic cell designs proposed in the literature by identifying four logic design families, namely LUT-based, cone-based, matrix/cluster-based and transistor array-based. We then carry out a detailed comparison at two levels -a quantitative comparison based on metrics like power, delay and area which govern the overall performance of various FPGA architectures and secondly a qualitative comparison on factors which are important considering the ease of mainstream adoption. We highlight the importance of introducing and co-optimizing novel devices and architectures to maximize the overall FPGA performance.