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Background: Recently nano-drug delivery systems has become integral part of the most novel drug delivery systems and has gained considerable importance owing to various advantages such as carrier for poorly soluble drugs; targeting of the molecules at desired site; protection from degradation etc. Methods: In current review we conducted systemic search of literature and patent inventions focusing on nanosponges. The summary of search was inclusive of various aspects of nanosponges such as drugs characteristics to be considered while incorporating in nanosponges, other crucial additive during formulation of nanosponges, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges in pharmaceuticals. Results: Nanosponges are nanocarriers for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. These are prepared by different methods such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, solvent method, melting method, ultrasound assisted method etc. and all these methods were less time consuming, more economic and evaluated by sophisticated techniques available for routine analysis. These are among the most feasible alternative to address several formulation difficulties associated with the physicochemical properties of the drug. Porous nature and small particle size are vital properties of the nanosponges that contribute crucially to correct the drawbacks of the drug. The properties of the nanosponges can be enhanced when these were combined with cyclodextrins. Numerous research work was carried out to explore the cyclodextrin based nanosponges. Besides, it is also used for smart targeting to tumors and for drug release in a sustainable pattern. Nanosponges can be prepared by simple method These can be tuned to release the drug by different routes so as to achieve the maximum benefits of the drug. Conclusion: Numerous research work carried out on the nanosponges as drug carrier. The method of preparation and characterization of nanosponges are quite economic and routinely available. Owing to potential benefits and probable applications these can be used as efficient carrier for certain drugs. The authors expect that the current review will act as guide to investigate the nanosponges as nanodrug delivery system.

IntroductionDental implants replace missing teeth. Dental implants are surgically placed tooth root replacements that secure prosthetic teeth and bridges. Branemark's original dental implant technique included a mesiobuccal flap and a two-stage approach, needing 6-8 months of recovery following extraction, sterile conditions, machined titanium implants, 3-6 months without stress for osseointegration, and a detachable temporary prosthesis. The restoration would usually be ready a year following the implant surgery. Implant treatment seeks the best function, aesthetics, and complication risk. Implant therapy with low patient morbidity and fast extraction-to-restoration times is a secondary target. Instantaneous implant insertion has made implant dentistry more convenient for patients and clinicians. This study measures bone height before, after, and one month after implant placement using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and MethodsParticipants were selected from oral evaluation candidates. This investigation included 11 people missing front maxillary or mandibular teeth or root components. Diagnostic castings determined the interarch connection before surgery. Alginate maxillary and mandibular arch imprints were cast in Type III dental stone for diagnosis. CBCT scans were taken pre-operatively, post-implant, and post-prosthesis. After the tooth was removed, the empty socket was cleaned up with curettes. An intraoral periapical radiograph and manual probing were done to determine the implant's size. The implant was removed for examination after three months, and healing abutments and gingival formers were placed. Finally, fins were placed. The CBCT images also captured the bone height around the implants. The soft tissue parameters were recorded and evaluated at baseline and one-month following prosthetic loading as plaque index (PI). Radiographic evaluation was done at baseline and one-month following functional loading using CBCT. After one month following functional loading, crestal bone levels were measured again with the help of CBCT using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, US). ResultsThe sample population had an average age of 42.81 years, with a standard deviation of 13.44 years. Using a paired t-test, we found that the mean PI dropped significantly from pre-loading levels to one-month postloading levels, with a p-value of less than 0.001. The mean crestal bone level (mesial) evaluated by CBCT at baseline and one-month post-loading was 2.52 ± 1.97 mm and 1.17 ± 1.31 mm, respectively. The mean difference between mean crestal bone loss (distal) at baseline and one-month post-loading was 0.94 ± 1.89 mm, which was not statistically significant. The mean difference between mean crestal bone loss (buccal) at baseline and one-month post-loading was 1.82 ± 1.60 mm, which was statistically significant. The mean difference between mean crestal bone loss (lingual) at baseline and one-month post-loading was 1.91 ± 1.53 which was statistically significant. ConclusionCBCT ...

BackgroundMethotrexate (MTX), at low doses, is the first choice in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite its effectiveness, the probability of its discontinuation remains high due to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal intolerance, bone marrow toxicity as well as hepatotoxicity with conventional oral and parenteral therapy.1 Transdermal delivery epitomizes an attractive alternative for drugs with systemic toxicities. The physicochemical characteristics of MTX such as high polarity and ionisation at physiologic pH make the development of its topical route of delivery challenging.2 A new class of liposomes termed deformable or flexible liposomes have been reported to possess the virtue of stress-dependent adaptability that enables them to squeeze through interstices of stratum corneum and increase the depth of skin penetration.3ObjectivesThis study is intended to explore the transdermal route for the delivery of MTX in ameliorating its systemic toxicity without compromising the therapeutic effect in RA.MethodsMTX entrapped in deformable liposomes were prepared and characterised for particle size (PS) and entrapment efficiency (EE). They were incorporated into a hydroxyethyl cellulose gel base and evaluated for ex vivo skin permeation. Optimized liposomal gel was applied on the back of rats (3x4 cm area) and evaluated for its acute dermal toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Biodistribution was studied by topical application of 125I labelled MTX incorporated liposomal gel in rats. Furthermore the efficacy of optimized gel was determined in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in rats.ResultsThe optimized deformable liposomes exhibited a small PS of 110±20 nm and EE 35–50% while the liposomal gel showed a transdermal flux of 17.37±1.5 μg/cm2/hr in ex vivo skin permeation study. Topical application of liposomal gel depicted no clinical abnormalities or pathological changes at the site of application in rats. Pharmacokinetic data indicated sustained systemic delivery of MTX from its liposomal gel up to 48 hours. The gel resulted in lower accumulation of MTX in liver, kidneys and gut in contrast to intravenous administration of plain 125I labelled MTX solution. In the CIA model, topical MTX gel administration demonstrated significant reduction in hind paw swelling and arthritic score, also validated by histological and radiographic examination of ankle joints and lowering of serum levels of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 in comparison to disease control group.ConclusionsThe liposomal gel displayed dermal safety, sustained systemic delivery of MTX and its lower distribution to the organs of toxicity which may enable alleviating systemic side effects. Moreover, liposomal gel of MTX showed appreciable therapeutic efficacy in the CIA model.References Braun J, Rau R. An update on methotrexate. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(3):216–23.Prausnitz MR, Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 2008;26(11):1261–68.Benson HA. Transfersomes for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv. 2006;3(6):727–37. ...