The ancient literature of traditional Indian medicine indicate the potential medicinal values of Gmelina arborea as an important source of chemicals of enormous medicinal and pharmaceutical importance such as flavonoids, alkaloids, arboreol, isoarboreol, methyl arboreol, gummadiol, gmelanone, gmelinol, hexacosnol, n-octanol, β-sitosterol and luteolin. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to formulate and evaluate the herbal gel containing Gmelina arborea ethanolic leaf extract for antimicrobial properties. Phytochemical screening of Gmelina arborea reveals the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. The gel was prepared by using ethanolic leaf extract, Carbapol 934, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, propylene glycol, disodium EDTA, ethanol, triethanaloamine and distilled water. The physiochemical parameters of formulations such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and extrudability were determined. The results showed that the GF1 gel has better gel properties than other formulations. Determination of antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method showed that the crude extracts of the leaf and herbal gel of the plant inhibited the growth of recalcitrant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus that frequently shows up in common skin infections. Neat ethanol extracts had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.01 μg each implying greatest activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Activity of the extracts was consistently less than the conventional antibiotic, tetracycline. Results provided the scientific basis for the folkloric application of G. arborea leaf extract for the possible control of skin infection associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Ethanolic extracts of Garlic (Bulb), Aloe (leaf), Flower bud (buds), Turmeric (rhizomes) and Ginger (rhizomes) were used for relative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH [1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl] assay and expressed with Ascorbic acid. It was observed that turmeric and ginger have more antioxidant activity than garlic, Aloe and Flower bud. These extracts were further studied for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion and spectrophotometric method against tetracycline as reference. The result showed that Flower bud is more effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus compared to other plants extract. However, all the plants extract did show antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

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Epilepsy is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide and also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Available antiepileptic drugs have series of side effects which encouraged us to explore different medicinal plants used against neurological disorders in traditional Indian medicinal system (TIMS). Therefore, we explored the antiepileptic potential of the Grewia tiliaefolia (Tiliaeceae) known for its neuroprotective properties in TIMS. Initially, aerial parts of G. tiliaefolia were subjected to extraction with increasing order of polarity viz. hexane, chloroform and methanol. Antioxidant potential of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of G. tiliaefolia was evaluated by DPPH, total antioxidant assay, reducing power assay and DNA nicking assay. Additionally, quantitative antioxidant assays were also conducted to quantify total phenolic and total avonoid content. The methanol extract was found to possess very high antioxidant activity; therefore, its anticonvulsant potential was explored in PTZ induced epilepsy in mice. The methanol extract had shown signi cant anticonvulsant activity at 400 mg/kg. It had signi cantly increased the latency to occurrence of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) and signi cantly decreased the duration of the GTCS and seizure severity score. The Grewia tiliaefolia methanol extract was further screened by HPLC for detection of polyphenolic compounds, among which gallic acid and kaempferol were present in higher amount and were further analyzed by in silico study to predict their possible binding sites and type of interactions these compounds show with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction with GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction with Glutamate AMPA receptor. We concluded that G. tiliaefolia showed potent anticonvulsant potential due to the signi cant antioxidant activity possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol. safe up to 2000 mg/kg, 1/10th (200 mg/kg) of the safe dose was selected. To obtain the dose-response relationship three doses are required due to which one lower dose (1/20th, 100 mg/kg) and one higher dose (1/5th, 400 mg/kg) were selected.