Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de um experimento conduzido com o objetivo de investigar o efeito de cognatos triplos no acesso lexical de falantes de inglês (L3), alemão (L2), e português brasileiro (L1). Os participantes desempenharam uma tarefa de leitura, contendo 60 sentenças experimentais com as seguintes palavras críticas: cognatos triplos, cognatos duplos entre o português brasileiro e o inglês, e cognatos duplos entre o alemão e o inglês. Os movimentos dos olhos dos participantes foram monitorados enquanto eles desempenhavam a tarefa. As medidas de primeira fixação e tempo de primeira leitura foram analisadas. Os resultados sugerem que os cognatos triplos foram processados mais rapidamente do que seus respectivos controles para as medidas de primeira fixação (M: 264/311ms (cognato/controle); p=0,03) e primeira leitura (M: 407/448ms (cognato/controle); p=0,05), o que foi interpretado como evidência de um acesso lexical não seletivo e de um léxico integrado para as línguas do multilíngue. Adicionalmente, os resultados contribuem para a literatura sobre acesso lexical de multilíngues, favorecendo a visão de que todas as línguas do multilíngue se encontram ativadas, mesmo quando o falante tem a intenção de usar apenas uma dessas línguas.
Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar estudos sobre o acesso lexical de bilíngues e expandir as pressuposições do léxico bilíngue para o estudo com multilíngues. Para tanto, são apresentados estudos que investigaram o modelo hierárquico revisado (RHM), o modelo interativo bilíngue (BIA+) e os modelos de produção da fala da visão sequencial e interativa. Dois modelos desenhados para multilíngues também são apresentados neste artigo: o modelo do processamento multilíngue e o modelo dinâmico do multilinguismo. A partir dessa revisão de literatura, são levantadas questões de pesquisa para investigar os modelos apresentados, principalmente com multilíngues. Palavras-chave: multilinguismo, bilinguismo. Lexical access of bilinguals and multilinguals ABSTRACT. This paper presents studies on the lexical access of bilinguals with the aim of extending the assumptions of the bilingual lexicon to the study with multilinguals. For that, studies that investigated the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM), the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA+) model and the models of speech production, on the serial and interactive views, are presented. Two models specifically designed for multilinguals are also presented in this paper: the Multilingual Processing Model and the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Based on this review of literature, research questions are raised to the investigation of the models presented with multilinguals.
We report an experiment using a picture-naming task within the masked priming paradigm to examine lexical access in English as a third language. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, consisting of native speakers of English, and two experimental groups, one consisting of speakers of English as L2 and the other consisting of speakers of German as L2 and English as L3. Participants of the two experimental groups were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. All participants performed a picture-naming task in English in which pictures were preceded by a masked prime word in the target language (English), in the native language (Brazilian Portuguese) or in the second language (German). The results indicate some interference from the participants’ second language in the production of their third language (English), favoring the view that lexical access of multilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals and monolinguals.---Article in English. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2018n46a1133
We report an experiment using a picture-naming task within the masked priming paradigm to examine lexical access in English as a third language. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, consisting of native speakers of English, and two experimental groups, one consisting of speakers of English as L2 and the other consisting of speakers of German as L2 and English as L3. Participants of the two experimental groups were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. All participants performed a picture-naming task in English in which pictures were preceded by a masked prime word in the target language (English), in the native language (Brazilian Portuguese) or in the second language (German). The results indicate some interference from the participants’ second language in the production of their third language (English), favoring the view that lexical access of multilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals and monolinguals.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Efeitos de priming semântico e acesso lexical em inglês como L3Reporta-se, neste artigo, os resultados de um experimento que investigou o acesso lexical em inglês como terceira língua por meio de uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras no paradigma de priming mascarado. Os participantes foram organizados em três grupos: um grupo controle, formado por falantes nativos de inglês, e dois grupos experimentais, sendo um formado por falantes de inglês como L2 e o outro, por falantes de inglês como L2 e de alemão como L3. Todos os participantes desempenharam uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras em que estas eram precedidas por palavras prime em inglês (a língua alvo), português brasileiro (a língua nativa), ou alemão (a segunda língua). Os resultados indicam alguma interferência da segunda língua desses participantes na produção da terceira língua e favorecem a visão de que o acesso lexical de multilíngues é qualitativamente diferente daquele de bilíngues e monolíngues.---Artigo em inglês.
The issue of language selectivity regarding lexical access of bilingual adults has been thoroughly reported in the literature. However, studies with bilingual children are still limited, especially in the Brazilian context. To fill this gap, the present study was conducted with the goal of investigating whether the same cognate facilitation effect reported for bilingual adults is also true for bilingual children. To do so, two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, 53 Portuguese-English bilingual children from 3rd and 7th grade took part in a lexical decision task which had a Portuguese and an English version. In Experiment 2, 18 English monolinguals performed the English version of the lexical decision task. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the cognate effect was evident for the two groups of bilinguals when the task was performed in the L2- English, even though no statistical difference between the two groups of bilinguals was found. When performing the task in the L1 – Portuguese, the bilingual groups showed no cognate effect, which suggests that these participants had not reached a level of proficiency in which the L2 can influence L1 processing. The results of Experiment 2 showed no cognate facilitation effect for monolinguals, indicating that the results of the bilingual participants, in the English version of the lexical decision task, were indeed due to the cognate status of the words of the bilingual's two languages. In short, the present results favor the nonselective view of lexical access and the effect of proficiency in the perception of cross language similarity.
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