Background The development of resistance against insecticides in Aedes aegypti can lead to operational failures in control programs. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal trends of this resistance is needed to drive effective monitoring campaigns, which in turn provide data on which vector control decision-making should be based. Methods Third-stage larvae (L3) from the F1 and F2 generations of 39 Peruvian field populations of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from established laboratory colonies were evaluated for resistance against the organophosphate insecticide temephos. The 39 populations were originally established from eggs collected in the field with ovitraps in eight departments of Peru during 2018 and 2019. Dose–response bioassays, at 11 concentrations of the insecticide, were performed following WHO recommendations. Results Of the 39 field populations of Ae. aegypti tested for resistance to temephos , 11 showed high levels of resistance (resistance ratio [RR] > 10), 16 showed moderate levels of resistance (defined as RR values between 5 and 10) and only 12 were susceptible (RR < 5). The results segregated the study populations into two geographic groups. Most of the populations in the first geographic group, the coastal region, were resistant to temephos, with three populations (AG, CR and LO) showing RR values > 20 (AG 21.5, CR 23.1, LO 39.4). The populations in the second geographic group, the Amazon jungle and the high jungle, showed moderate levels of resistance, with values ranging between 5.1 (JN) and 7.1 (PU). The exception in this geographic group was the population from PM, which showed a RR value of 28.8 to this insecticide. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that Ae. aegypti populations in Peru present different resistance intensities to temephos, 3 years after temephos use was discontinued. Resistance to this larvicide should continue to be monitored because it is possible that resistance to temephos could decrease in the absence of routine selection pressures. Graphical Abstract
Con el objetivo de establecer la variabilidad genética de Aedes aegypti determinada por el análisis del gen mitocondrial ND4, se analizaron 51 especímenes de Ae. aegypti en once regiones endémicas para dengue en el Perú. La variabilidad genética se determinó mediante la amplificación y secuenciación de un fragmento de 336 pares de bases del gen mitocondrial ND4. El análisis de filogenia intraespecífica se realizó con el programa Network Ver. 4.6.10; y el análisis filogenético, con el método de distancia Neighbor Joining. Se identificó la presencia de cinco haplotipos de Ae. aegypti agrupados en dos linajes: el primero agrupa a los haplotipos 1, 3 y 5 y el segundo agrupa los haplotipos 2 y 4, se muestra además la distribución geográfica de cada uno de los haplotipos encontrados. Se concluye que esta variabilidad se debe tanto a la migración activa de este vector como a la migración pasiva mediada por la actividad humana.
Sr. Editor. El Aedes aegypti cumple una función importante en la transmisión del virus del dengue en poblaciones humanas, particularmente en zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. El mantenimiento de la circulación viral en la naturaleza en los periodos interepidémicos es un fenómeno estudiado en otros medios (1,2) , pero poco en el nuestro como en la Amazonía; por lo que se realizó un estudio para determinar la transmisión vertical del virus en el Aedes aegypti en localidades de la región Ucayali donde es persistente la presencia de brotes de dengue.Entre febrero y marzo de 2012 se colectaron muestras de huevos, larvas y pupas del vector A. aegypti, en zonas de brote de dengue en las localidades de tres distritos de Pucallpa. En total se colectaron 50 larvas y pupas (LP) en cada lugar. La colecta se hizo cumpliendo con las normas y medidas de protección personal que son las habituales para la vigilancia y control vectorial que se realiza en las diferentes regiones del país. Las muestras colectadas fueron enviadas al Laboratorio de Entomología del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) en Lima, donde se efectuó la crianza de LP hasta el estadio adulto del A. aegypti y su clasificación en mosquitos machos y hembras.En el Laboratorio de Metaxénicas Virales del INS, se determinó la presencia de ARN viral, mediante la prueba de RT-PCR en tiempo real en LP y RT-PCR en tiempo real en adultos (machos y hembras) (3,4) . Antes de aplicar la prueba se hicieron pools de LP y de adultos conformados por 2-10 unidades de cada lugar colectado. Los resultados se muestran en la Tabla 1, donde se observa que en muestras de adultos se logró determinar la presencia de RNA del virus dengue serotipo 2 (DENV-2) en mosquitos adultos hembras, en 6 de las 10 localidades estudiadas.Este estudio ha permitido determinar la presencia de DENV-2 a partir de mosquitos A. aegypti criados en laboratorio, lo cual indicaría la ocurrencia de transmisión transovárica en este vector, que por primera vez se describe en nuestro medio. Esta forma de transmisión podría explicar la persistencia de casos de dengue en las áreas estudiadas. La determinación de la presencia del virus del dengue en el A. aegypti en estadio larvario, podría servir como un indicador de alto riesgo para reorientar la vigilancia vectorial y permitir medidas de prevención y control vectorial más adecuadas y oportunas.
Background: Resistance of Aedes aegypti to insecticides can lead to operational failures in control programs. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal trends of this resistance is needed for effective monitoring, on which vector control decision-making should be based.Methods: The organophosphate insecticide temephos was evaluated in L3 larvae in dose-response bioassays with eleven concentrations of the insecticide, following WHO recommendations. The mosquitoes tested were Ae. aegypti larvae of F1 and F2 generations from eggs collected with ovitraps during 2018 and 2019.Results: The results segregated into two geographic groups. The first group, from the coast, was mostly resistant to temephos (RR > 10), with three populations (AG, CR and LO) showing RR values greater than 20 (AG 21.5, CR 23.1, LO 39.4). The populations in the second group, from the jungle of the Amazon and high jungle, showed moderate levels of resistance (defined as RR values between 5 and 10) with values ranging between 5.1 in JN and 7.1 in PU. Exception in this region was the population of PM, which showed a RR value of 28.8 to this insecticide.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that Ae. aegypti populations in Peru present different resistance intensities to temephos, even after the suspension of its widespread use. Resistance to this larvicide should continue to be monitored because it is possible that resistance to temephos could decrease in the absence of routine selection pressures.
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