Triethanolamine (TEOA), an inexpensive and eco‐friendly base, was used to efficiently catalyze the three‐component condensation reaction of heterocyclic/aromatic aldehyde, (α/β)‐naphthol, and malononitrile in water to give the corresponding substituted 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene derivatives with excellent yields.

The α‐amylase inhibition has been considered as an effective therapeutic approach against chronic Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study, a series of biphenylcarbonitrile‐thiazolidinedione conjugates have been synthesized and evaluated for their antidiabetic activity viaα‐amylase inhibition. It was found that most of the conjugates (14 a–j) exhibited significant α‐amylase inhibition activity compared to the standard drug Acarbose. Off these, compound 14 b,14 c and 14 dwere most potent with IC50 value 0.13 μM, 0.15 μM and0.13 μM respectively. To ascertain ligand‐receptor interactions, the in silico molecular docking studies of these conjugates (14 a–j) have been carried out into the Acarbose active site of barley (malt) α‐amylase enzyme. The results have shown fair corroboration between significant α‐amylase inhibition activity of 14 b, 14 c and 14 d and their docking scores compared to the standard drug Acarbose. This study demonstrated that biphenylcarbonitrile‐thiazolidinedione conjugate could be a plausible pharmacophore for targeting α‐amylase for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To isolate and determine the chemical constituents of the stem bark of Cordia dichotoma (Forst f.), a plant used for medicinal purpose in folk medicine. Materials and methods: Petroleum ether extract of the stem bark was used for this study. Saponification process was performed to separate fatty acid and unsaponifiable matter. Results: One triterpenoids, α-amyrin was isolated from the bark by using isocratic elution. The chemical compounds isolated, for the first time, were analyzed by GC/MS, IR, and UV. The chemical composition of the fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) in bark of Cordia dichotoma were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After methyl-esterification, 17 components were identified in the bark. The derivatization conditions were investigated in order to validate this method. Conclusion: The present analysis revealed that Cordia dichotoma stem bark contains 17 fatty acid. The principal themes of the review highlight the development and application of chromatographic techniques for the separation, isolation and detection of the compounds.

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Aim: To extract and identify the non-polar entities from the leaves of Carica papaya, a plant used for medicinal purpose as folk medicine.Materials and methods: Petroleum ether extract of the Carica papaya leaves was used for this study. Saponification process and methylation process was performed to separate fatty acids and unsaponifiable matters. Phytochemical constituents were separated using chemical process and separated fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).Results: The chemical composition of the steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in leaves of Carica papaya, which were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). A total of 15 fatty acid components were identified in saponifiable matter, from unsaponifiable portion 2 steroids (campesterol, β- or γ-sitosterol), 1 triterpene (squalene), and 1 diterpene (phytol) were identified.Conclusions: The results indicate that the extract is rich in non-polar compounds. In this study, GC-MS method is at the central focus for identification of these phytoconstituents. The current method can be used for direct analysis of non-polar entities of plant material.