ResumenEl mercado interbancario juega un papel muy importante como distribuidor de recursos líquidos. No obstante, si muchas entidades enfrentan simultáneamente problemas de liquidez, la oferta agregada de liquidez será menor que la demanda y los bancos estarán obligados a acudir al banco central en busca de recursos líquidos a un costo más elevado. En este documento se examina la estructura del mercado interbancario en Colombia y, a partir de un modelo de simulación, analizamos el comportamiento del riesgo de contagio, durante el periodo 2005-2007. El riesgo de contagio es definido como el riesgo que enfrenta una entidad de no satisfacer su demanda de liquidez en el mercado interbancario a causa de choques de liquidez en las demás entidades. Para el periodo de análisis se encuentra un incremento en el riesgo de contagio, que se fundamenta en una menor capacidad de absorción de las entidades.Clasificación JEL G21; G33; L14 Palabras Clave: Riesgo de liquidez, Riesgo sistémico, Contagio financiero.* Agradecemos a Andrés Medaglia por su colaboración y sus comentarios. A Jorge Sefair por su interés y colaboración en el desarrollo del modelo. Y al departamento de Estabilidad Financiera del Banco de la República por su apoyo constante e incondicional; agradecemos especialmente a Daniel Osorio por las discusiones sobre el tema.

During the last decade Colombian international financial conglomerates (IFC) expanded abroad, significantly increasing their geographical complexity. This paper analyzes the effect of this change in geographical complexity on the risk level of individual Colombian banks. We use monthly bank-level data on financial indicators and complexity measures for the period 2007-2018. We use the Z-score as a measure of bank risk and the number of countries in which a Colombian IFC has foreign banks subsidiaries as a measure of geographical complexity. Our results suggest that complexity is associated with higher levels of individual bank risk, as a result of an expansion to countries with large GDP co-movements and lower regulatory qualities. In addition, we find that banks with access to international funding respond differently to monetary policy changes. In particular, during periods of domestic monetary policy tightening (loosening), individual banks of complex IFCs present higher (lower) levels of risk, suggesting that the monetary policy risk taking channel is affected by the level of geographical complexity.

We study the impact of emotions on real‐world decisions made by loan officers by analyzing the loan conditions of loans granted immediately after a bank branch robbery. We find significant differences between the conditions of loans granted after a robbery and changes in loan conditions that occur contemporaneously at unaffected branches. In general, loan officers seem to adopt so‐called avoidance behavior. In accordance with the literature on posttraumatic stress, their avoidance behavior is halved within 2 weeks following the robbery and the effect further varies depending on the presence, or absence, of a firearm during the robbery. (JEL G02, G2)

ResumenEn este documento se presenta un análisis de la vulnerabilidad del sistema financiero Colombiano ante fluctuaciones en los ingresos de las empresas exportadoras a los dos principales socios comerciales, Estados Unidos y Venezuela, para el periodo comprendido entre 2004 y 2007. El análisis costa de tres partes: en primer lugar se evalúa la dependencia de los ingresos de las empresas nacionales frente a las exportaciones realizadas a estos países y así mismo su desempeño en comparación a la muestra de empresas que reportaron información a las Superintendencias Financiera y de Sociedades. En segundo lugar, se identifica el riesgo que representa la deuda de estas empresas en el total de la cartera comercial de las entidades financieras. Finalmente, se estima un modelo de regresión para la cartera riesgosa en función de indicadores financieros propios de las empresas y a partir de los resultados se realiza un análisis de sensibilidad del sistema financiero de forma agregada. Los resultados de este análisis sugieren que el efecto directo de una caída en los ingresos de las empresas exportadoras no reduce significativamente la relación de solvencia del sistema financiero colombiano. AbstractThis paper analyzes the vulnerability of the Colombian financial system to the fluctuations in the income of exporting firms to the principal commercial associates of Colombia (United States of America and Venezuela), in the period between 2004 and 2007. The analysis was done in three stages: in the first one, we evaluated the dependence of local firm's income to exports to these countries and we compare its performance with all those that submit balance sheet information to the Superintendencia de Sociedades. In the second stage, we assessed financial system's exposure to exporting firms and its debt. Finally, we estimated the relation between non performing loans and financial microeconomic variables of the firms and analyze its sensitivity in a stress scenario. With this analysis we find that the direct effect over solvency index of Colombian financial system of a decrease in the exporting firm´s income is not significant.* Agradecemos a Esteban Gomez, Oscar Martinez y Nancy Zamudio por su gran aporte en la elaboración de este documento.

During the last decade Colombian international financial conglomerates (IFC) expanded abroad, significantly increasing their geographical complexity. This paper analyzes the effect of this change in geographical complexity on the risk level of individual Colombian banks. We use monthly bank-level data on financial indicators and complexity measures for the period 2007-2018. We use the Z-score as a measure of bank risk and the number of countries in which a Colombian IFC has foreign banks subsidiaries as a measure of geographical complexity. Our results suggest that complexity is associated with higher levels of individual bank risk, as a result of an expansion to countries with large GDP co-movements and lower regulatory qualities. In addition, we find that banks with access to international funding respond differently to monetary policy changes. In particular, during periods of domestic monetary policy tightening (loosening), individual banks of complex IFCs present higher (lower) levels of risk, suggesting that the monetary policy risk taking channel is affected by the level of geographical complexity.