The historiography on the concept of race in the post-war sciences has focused predominantly on the UNESCO campaign against scientific racism and on the Anglo-American research community. By way of contrast, this article highlights the history of the concept of race from a thus far unexplored angle: from Swiss research centres and their global interconnections with racial researchers around the world. The article investigates how the acceptance, resonance, and prestige of racial research changed during the post-war years. It analyses what resources could be mobilised that enabled researchers to carry out and continue scientific studies in the field of racial research or even to expand them and link them to new contexts. From this perspective, the article looks at the dynamics, openness, and contingency of the European post-war period, which was less stable, anti-racist, and spiritually renewed than retrospective success stories often suggest. The pronounced internationality of Swiss racial science and its close entanglement with the booming field of human genetics in the early 1950s point to the ambiguities of the period’s political and scientific development. I argue that the impact of post-war anti-racism on science was more limited than is frequently assumed: it did not drain the market for racial knowledge on a continent that clung to imperialism and was still shaped by racist violence. Only from the mid 1950s onwards did a series of unforeseen events and contingent shifts curtail the importance of the race concept in various sectors of the human sciences.
Wissenschaft und Politik sind zwei Bereiche, deren Verhältnis im . Jahrhundert oft im Modus des Normativen gedacht wurde. Seit Max Webers berühmtem Vortrag Wissenschaft als Beruf () hat sich die Ansicht etabliert, dass Wissenschaftler*innen der Politik keine Handlungsanweisungen erteilen können und Politiker*innen der Wissenschaft keine Vorgaben machen sollen. Diese normative Grenze zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik -und der mit ihr einhergehende Autonomieanspruch der Wissenschaftist aber nicht nur historisch spezifisch in die Entwicklungen des . Jahrhunderts eingeschrieben und damit verhältnismäßig jung, sie ist seit ihrer Ziehung auch so oft überschritten worden (Shapin ), dass ihre Aufrechterhaltung eher die Ausnahme als die Regel zu bilden scheint.Zwar wurde Webers Trennung in der historischen Forschung schon öfters hinterfragt, und es entstanden Perspektiven und Konzepte, die den historischen Verflechtungen von Wissenschaft und Politik Rechnung tragen. Zu nennen sind etwa der Fokus auf die "Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen" und die Rolle von Expert*innen im Zuge der Entstehung und Konsolidierung des Sozialstaates (Raphael ), der Vorschlag, Politik und Wissenschaft als "Ressourcen für einander" zu untersuchen (Ash ; ) oder Volker Roelckes () Plädoyer für eine historisch-politische Epistemologie, in der die politische Dimension systematisch in die historische Untersuchung der Wissensproduktion integriert wird. Im Fokus standen dabei aber zumeist die Schnittstellen von staatlichem Regieren und wissenschaftlichem Wissen -in Form von staatlicher Forschungsförderung bis hin zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung von Regierungswissen.
During World War II and the early Cold War period, a rapid development of the blood transfusion service and a boom in blood group research occurred in Switzerland. Unprecedented volumes of blood were stored and enormous quantities of blood group data were recorded. In the following paper I will argue that this mobilization of blood was strongly shaped by military institutions and aims. The military worked closely with the Red Cross in order to build a blood transfusion service that was supposed to guarantee a permanent readiness for war and help prepare the nation for an imagined nuclear conflict. Concurrently, geneticists, anthropologists, and physicians obtained new opportunities for scientific research in collaboration with the military and the Red Cross enabling them access to comprehensive military data and modern serological laboratories. The paper points out how this cooperation between the military and the sciences influenced and transformed the cultural meanings, the medical uses of as well as the knowledge about human blood.
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