Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis) is a type of ANCA-associated vasculitis that affects small-to medium-sized vessels. GPA occurs with a prevalence of 24-152:1000000. The disease affects all races at every age. Various factors may have an impact on the etiology of GPA which is treated as an autoimmune disease. Genetic factors, infectious agents (like Staphylococcus aureus), environmental factors (like silica, hydrocarbons, fumes, pesticides, and farming) are considered elements for the development of the disease. Mostly, GPA affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys and associated with otorhinolaryngological and renal manifestations. However, numerous untypical manifestations may also occur. Our review is aimed at discussing the most significant of them, including the neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal tract, joints and muscles, skin, and ophthalmological manifestations. The whole literature was searched in PubMed. It has been used phrases granulomatosis with polyangiitis', Wegener's granulomatosis' and GPA'. The initial research for every sentence yielded subsequently, 4472, 5043, and 7110 results. Only studies with available full text were retrieved. After a threestage evaluation including a language evaluation, a heading evaluation, and an abstract evaluation, we obtained 139 relevant papers on which our review is based. GPA is a huge challenge for contemporary diagnostics and medicine. Our review is aimed at demonstrating the multiplicity of untypical manifestations and proving that every doctor may come into contact with a patient with GPA.

The risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as thyroid diseases increases with age. COPD is a common systemic disease associated with chronic inflammation. Many endocrinological disorders, including thyroid gland diseases are related to systemic inflammation. Epidemiological studies suggest that patients with COPD are at higher risk of thyroid disorders. These associations are not well-studied and thyroid gland diseases are not included on the broadly acknowledged list of COPD comorbidities. They may seriously handicap quality of life of COPD patients. Unfortunately, the diagnosis may be difficult, as many signs are masked by the symptoms of the index disease. The comprehension of the correlation between thyroid gland disorders and COPD may contribute to better care of patients. In this review, we attempt to revise available literature describing existing links between COPD and thyroid diseases.

Bortezomib is one of the most researched proteasome inhibitor drug in cancer cell research. Studying its effects, measuring and monitoring treatment response and effectiveness is a widely developing area in cancer research. The introduction of non-invasive measurement tools into the this research is a very important and desirable development, as it is a promising alternative to existing chemical tests. In our work we presented multimodal methodology connecting multiple non-invasive and label-free techniques to study effects of bortezomib on RPMI8226 cells. We connected digital holographic microscopy and holographic tomography with chemical specificity from Raman micro spectroscopy and we showed that treatment with bortezomib caused decrease of RI in the cells and their nucleolus and that changes in chemical compositions after treatment indicate cell apoptosis.

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With fast development and growing demand for cell-based immunotherapies and other immunomodulatory strategies e.g. microenvironment targeting, there is an urgent need to develop less invasive methods for cell analysis and quality control. Ideal tools serving these purposes should facilitate non-destructive, label-free analyses, retaining the analysed cell intact and unchanged. Raman spectroscopy (RS), measuring inelastic scattering corresponding to molecular vibration frequencies of different molecules, enables label-free subcellular imaging with high specificity and sensitivity. Through measuring metabolic state of the cells, RS may convey additional information e.g. regarding cell activation status, that can be utilized for diagnostic and research purposes.Recent success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and CAR-macrophages immunotherapies created a need for cell analysis methods allowing to identify activation status without affecting their therapeutic potential of cells. Since co-stimulated recognition of the antigen through the T cell receptor results in metabolic changes, clonal expansion, and cytokine production, T cell activation status is an ideal target for RS analysis. Similarly, macrophage phenotypes, namely pro-inflammatory M1 and immunosuppressive M2, are characterized by divergent metabolic status and potentially can be differentiated by means of RS.