Introduction: COVID-19 requires governmental measures to protect healthcare system access for people. In this process, the collision of fundamental rights emerges as a crucial challenge for decision-making.Policy Options and Implications: This policy review analyzes selected articles by the PubMed searcher about extreme measures taken in several countries during precedent pandemics and the current pandemic, and selects hard decisions relating to the exceptional measures taken by judicial departments in Brazil, connecting them to the “collision of fundamental rights and law principles.” The collision of rights and principles imposed on decision makers a duty to provide balanced rights, and to adopt the enforcement of some rights prioritization. Ethical concerns were also verified in this field involving rights limitations. During a pandemic, the importance of extreme measures to protect health rights and healthcare systems is instrumental for focused, fast, and correct decision making to avoid loss of life and the collapse of healthcare systems. The main goals of this research are to discuss the implications and guidelines for public health decision making, the indispensable ethical and legal aspects for safeguarding health systems and the lives of people, and the respect of the Justice principle and of fundamental health and dignity rights. We conclude that COVID-19 justifies the prioritization of collective and individual health access rights. Acceptable standards of fundamental rights restrictions are established at the constitutional and international levels and must be enforced by rules and governmental action, to ensure fast and accurate decision making during a pandemic. Freedom rights exercises must be linked to solidarity for the realization of social welfare, for the health rights of all individuals and for health systems to function well during a pandemic.Actionable Recommendations: All individuals are free and equal, therefore social exclusion is prohibited. Institutions must consider social inequalities when discussing public health measures and be guided by ethical standards, by law principles, and rules recognized by constitutional and international law for the benefit of all during a health pandemic.Conclusions: Collective and individual health rights prevail over the collision of rights when facing pandemic occurrences, case by case, in health systems protection, based on the literature, on precedent pandemics and on legitimate Public Health efforts.
Introduction: Human dignity, as coined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR / 1948), is an expression social solidarity, which should cement the relations between people. Human dignity is the foundation of all rights, such as freedom, equality, justice and peace in the world, and in Brazil, human dignity was deemed a fundamental pillar of the country’s post-1988 constitutional order. Objective: This article seeks to a deeper investigation about the social nature of human dignity and its definition over time. Methods: This is an exploratory research meant to unpack the concepts of "human dignity", "bioethics", "human rights" and "constitution". After describing the conceptual evolution of human dignity and the facts relevant to its conceptual formation in world history - as a normative standard and a legal rule -, we address the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR/1948), the Declaration of Helsinki (DH/1964), the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR/2005), and the definition adopted in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CFRB/1988). The study was carried out without temporal limitation, and included a review of referenced books, legal doctrines, as well as articles and books in the SciELO database. Results and discussion: The findings ratify that human dignity is the foundation of all rights, including those of freedom, equality, justice and peace in the world, and must also guide the rights and duties of social regulation. Human dignity has changed from a criterion of power attributed to the social position of individuals to a value of the right to freedom, which now goes beyond the right of freedom and is the basis of modern constitutional democracy, which makes possible the realization of solidarity, as well as the duty and purpose of the state and the community. The will of the subject, of society, of the science and of the state, as well as the rules of domination and regulation, must have a limit on human dignity, and human dignity is not just fundamental right, in the sense of the Constitution, and must prevail over the exclusive will of science, the State and society. Therefore, in the making of power decisions and in realization of possible innovations of science involving human beings, human dignity demands the explicit consideration of respect and promotion of it. Conclusion: Human dignity is enshrined in Brazilian constitutional law, as well as in bioethics and in human rights, and it constitutes all the fundamental rights of the human person. It is not merely a rule of autonomy and liberty, and it is an obligatory and non-derogable precept in the making of power decisions, a true main foundation of constitutional democracies.
Introdução: Após os anos de chumbo, assim conhecida a ditadura militar que tomou parte no país, declaradamente contrária ao Estado de direito democrático que havia no Brasil até então, e que tomou conta do poder pelo uso da força entre os anos de 1964 e 1985, em 1988 foi promulgada a Constituição Cidadã, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB/1988), não sem luta mas como uma conjugação possível, mas não perfeita, da necessidade democrática e social que foi freada pelo conservadorismo e pelas raízes deitadas do ditatorialismo e da visão de direita dos poderes da elite instituídos, e que viabilizaram a anistia aos golpistas e ditadores, bem como aos que lutavam pelo Estado democrático de direito e pela justiça social através do uso disseminado à época da violência, o que se inicia com o golpe covarde de 1964. A Constituição de 1988 trouxe para a sociedade, de seu lado, importantes mecanismos de proteção dos indivíduos e da sociedade contra os arbítrios do Estado e da própria sociedade, declarou e instituiu direitos fundamentais e criou instrumentos legais de proteção e garantia de direitos fundamentais, tais como, dentre vários, podemos destacar as ações civis públicas, o mandado de segurança coletivo e a ação popular. Contudo, a realidade social depende de implementação dos direitos fundamentais pela atuação efetiva do Estado e da sociedade, e através da valorização das instituições democráticas, tal qual o é a CRFB/1988. De outra sorte, o golpismo e a falta de apreço à democracia e ao Estado democrático de direito, no entanto, vive nas sombras e no submundo da violência e das fake news mais recentemente, e durante os mais de trinta anos de promulgação da celebrada e Constituição Federal de 1988, as instituições e o regime democrático constitucionalmente estabelecido vêm sendo questionados pelo golpismo, de que é um ápice o evento dantesco dos atentados à democracia perpetrados por vândalos, possíveis terroristas e financiadores do caos, e puramente golpistas, em 8 de janeiro de 2023, na sede dos três poderes em Brasília, DF. O descumprimento da Lei Maior, seja em eventos pontuais de golpismo, seja na prática cotidiana da vida constitucional em uma sociedade doente e que não se reconhece como parte do sistema democrático e detentora de direitos fundamentais, ocorre com grande destaque no âmbito da efetivação destes mesmos direitos fundamentais e afeta com maior gravidade, sobretudo, a população vulnerável, marginalizada, e de maioria negra, havendo-se no Brasil um mecanismo covarde de racismo estrutural sedimentado sobre a nação e que se soma à falta de apreço pela democracia de parte da população, e que afeta, notadamente, e com maior gravidade as pessoas economicamente necessitadas que vivem em situação de pobreza. Objetivo: Como objetivo geral o presente manuscrito visa descrever importantes mecanismos conquistados para a defesa e implementação de direitos fundamentais sediados na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Método: Desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho através da pesquisa bibliográfica, sobre a conquista de direitos inseridos no contexto da constitucionalidade e da força normativa da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, representativas da sedimentação da democracia no Brasil. O método de abordagem de pesquisa é o dedutivo. Resultados: Obteve-se nesta pesquisa a descrição da evolução das gerações de direitos fundamentais consagrados na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, dentre os quais destaca-se o estágio atual dos novos direitos fundamentais, decorrentes da bioética e dos avanços tecnológicos e digitais. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os direitos fundamentais tiveram uma grande evolução num curto espaço de tempo, notadamente impulsionados pela barbárie criada pelos movimentos bélicos, golpistas e ditatoriais que refestelam a partir do século XX, e notadamente pela incidência da evolução tecnológica decorrente do avanço da ciência no mesmo período histórico, e que fundamentam a conquista de direitos e a necessidade de implementação de balizas para evitar o colapso social, econômico e existencial da humanidade, com a finalidade de perpetuar o bom convívio social e a garantia e promoção da qualidade de vida das pessoas e das sociedades, permeadas por direitos que são em parte individuais e em parte coletivos.
Introduction: the judicialization of health is an alternative to the health services in Brazil, despite criticism of judicial decisions and control of public health policy. The large number of actions that demand health services is a health problem that characterizes the political, social, ethical, legal, and health systems of the Public Health Policy. Objective: to analyze the judicialization of health care in the Acre State, Brazil, from 2010 to 2016. Methods: it is a documentary and cross-sectional study of collegiate decisions, with final judgments, in the period from 2010 to 2016, issued by the Court of Justice of the State of Acre, Results: all proposed actions were Writ of Mandamus. The use of preliminary injunction was the most common strategy (n = 34; 94.44%). One third of the respondents were not questioned by the State of Acre (n = 9; 25%) as decisions of the Court of Justice on health concern medicines, examinations, and procedures, in these cases, it only manages interests, with no litigation per se. (n = 25, 69.44%). Men and women demanded in the same proportion, all of them characterized by living in poverty (n = 28; 77.78%). Conclusion: the collective health decisions handed down by the State Court of Justice Acre, Brazil, guarantee access to health goods and services to the claimants, with emphasis on preliminary injunctions and grounds based on the principle of human dignity, physical integrity and life, and on medical prescriptions in each specific case and, in a third of the cases, serving as a mere administration of interests.
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