Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany) is a highly valued timber species, whereas the leaves are considered to be waste product. A total of 27 phenolic compounds were identified in aqueous extracts from mahogany leaves by comparing retention times and mass spectra data with those of authentic standards using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Polyphenols play an important role in plants as defense mechanisms against pests and pathogens and have potent antioxidant properties. In terms of health applications, interest has increased considerably in naturally occurring antioxidant sources, since they can retard the progress of many important neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The antioxidant capacities of two aqueous extracts, M1 (decoction) and M2 (infusion), were measured using TEAC and Folin-Ciocalteau methods. Additionally, M1 was used in order to investigate its potential cytoprotective effects on an in vitro model of neurodegeneration, by using primary OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 18778 cerebellar cultures exposed to methyl mercury (MeHg). Under experimental sub-chronic conditions (72 h), concomitant exposure of the same cultures to MeHg and M1 extract resulted in a statistically significant increase in cell viability in all three concentrations tested (10, 50 and 100 μg/mL), strongly suggesting that due to its high content of antioxidant compounds, the M1 extract provides significant cytoprotection against the MeHg-induced in vitro neurotoxicity.
The main challenge of plant chemical diversity exploration is how to develop tools to study exhaustively plant tissues. Their sustainable sourcing is a limitation as bioguided strategies and dereplication need quite large amounts of plant material. We examine if alternative solutions could overcome these difficulties by obtaining a secure, sustainable, and scalable source of tissues able to biosynthesize an array of metabolites. As this approach would be as independent of the botanical origin as possible, we chose eight plant species from different families. We applied a four steps culture establishment procedure, monitoring targeted compounds through mass spectrometry-based analytical methods. We also characterized the capacities of leaf explants in culture to produce diverse secondary metabolites. In vitro cultures were successfully established for six species with leaf explants still producing a diversity of compounds after the culture establishment procedure. Furthermore, explants from leaves of axenic plantlets were also analyzed. The detection of marker compounds was confirmed after six days in culture for all tested species. Our results show that the first stage of this approach aiming at easing exploration of plant chemodiversity was completed, and leaf tissues could offer an interesting alternative providing a constant source of natural compounds.
A poluição de ecossistemas aquáticos com mercúrio é um desafio ambiental dos mais relevantes, devido à sua toxicidade, estabilidade e persistência no ambiente. Na Bacia Amazônica, o rejeito de mercúrio proveniente de operações de mineração e pela lixiviação de solos após desflorestamentos, constitui a maior contribuição para a contaminação no meio aquático. Ao ser realizada uma prospecção científica nas bases Scielo e PubMed, sobre biomonitoramento de mercúrio na Amazônia, nos últimos 20 anos, foi encontrado um total de 61 artigos, verificando-se um aumento gradual no número de publicações no período amostrado, além da maior produção ser creditada ao Brasil (55 artigos). Na maioria dos estudos sobre bioacumulação e biomagnificação de mercúrio na Amazônia, espécies de peixes se destacam como bioindicadores, embora alguns anfíbios, répteis e até cetáceos já tenham sido usados nesse papel. A forma orgânica metilmercúrio, por conta de sua lipossolubilidade, é a que mais se acumula nos seres vivos. Os efeitos mutagênicos de mercúrio e seus compostos organomercuriais afetam particularmente a tubulina, interferindo nas fibras do fuso e, consequentemente, na divisão celular, com atraso no movimento anafásico e na divisão centromérica e também podem levar a anomalias cromossômicas como as poliploidias. Compostos de mercúrio também induzem a um colapso geral dos mecanismos antioxidantes na célula através da ligação a grupos sulfidrila da enzima glutationa peroxidase. Os resultados desse colapso são a produção de radicais livres, que podem causar dano permanente ao DNA e favorecem a peroxidação de lipídios, seguida da perda de integridade da membrana e, finalmente, necrose celular. O sistema nervoso central é o alvo principal do metilmercúrio, onde afeta, principalmente, áreas específicas do cérebro e cerebelo. Os testes de genotoxicidade são capazes de detectar mutações nas células expostas ao mercúrio e os mais utilizados são o teste do micronúcleo e o ensaio cometa. Alguns agentes protetores contra a ação de compostos mercuriais vêm sendo testados, com destaque para extratos vegetais, o selênio e o hormônio prolactina.
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