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This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. CTRMP provides research that is needed to inform public and private decisionmakers on economic security in the face of the threat of terrorism. Terrorism risk insurance studies provide the backbone of data and analysis to inform appropriate choices for the government's role in supporting the terrorism insurance market. The research on the economics of various liability decisions informs the policy decisions of the U.S. Congress and the opinions of state and federal judges. Studies of compensation help Congress to ensure that appropriate compensation is made to the victims of terrorist attacks. Research on security helps to protect critical infrastructure and to improve collective security in rational and cost-effective ways. CTRMP is housed at the RAND Corporation, an international nonprofit research organization with a reputation for rigorous and objective analysis and the world's leading provider of research on terrorism. Limited Electronic Distribution RightsThe center combines three organizations:RAND Institute for Civil Justice, which brings a 25-year history of empirical research on liability and compensation. RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment, which conducts research on homeland security and public safety. Risk Management Solutions, the world's leading provider of models and services for catastrophe risk management.• PrefaceIntelligence analysts, law enforcement officials, and policymakers have become increasingly concerned about the possibility of future maritime terrorist attacks. The maritime environment possesses some unique characteristics that, in principle, could make it attractive to terrorist operations, including the extraterritoriality of the high seas and poor or inconsistent security measures that apply in coastal areas and facilities in many parts of the world. Maritime attacks have the potential to inflict significant harms on persons and property and, in at least some instances, could be highly disruptive to U.S. commerce.This book focuses on the study of terrorism risk and liability issues in connection with two general types of maritime terrorism scenarios: attacks that target passenger vessels and attacks that target (or leverage) containerized shipping. With regard to analyzing risk, this book explores underlying threats, vulnerabilities, and potential consequences, and then combines this information to construct a picture of the relative risks posed by different terrorism scenarios. With regard to analyzing liability, this book outlines key concepts, legal authorities, and ambiguities that would apply in determining civil liability for acts of maritime terrorism, focusing particularly on third-party (commercial) defendants. By combining the investiga...

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This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series.RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. R AND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2007 RAND CorporationAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Cover design by Eileen Delson La Russo Photo by TSgt Cedric H. Rudisill, U.S. Air ForceThis research was sponsored by the United States Department of Homeland Security and was conducted under the auspices of the Homeland Security Program within RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment.iii PrefaceTechnical countermeasures are key components of national efforts to combat terrorist violence. Efforts to collect data about and disrupt terrorist activities through human intelligence and direct action, information gathering, and protective technologies complement technical countermeasures, helping to ensure that terrorists are identified, their ability to plan and stage attacks is limited, and, if those attacks occur, their impact is contained.Given the potential effect of such measures on the terrorists' capabilities, it is not surprising that they act to reduce or neutralize the impact of defensive technologies on their activities. In the event that the terrorists' counterefforts are successful, the value and protection provided by defensive technologies can be substantially reduced. Through case studies of terrorist struggles in a number of nations, this document analyzes the nature and impact of such terrorist counterefforts on the value of defensive technologies deployed against them.The information presented here should be of interest to homeland security policymakers in that it identifies potential weaknesses in defensive technology systems, thereby informing threat assessment and providing a basis for improving the design of future defensive technologies. It extends the RAND Corporation's ongoing research on terrorism and domestic security issues. Related RAND publications include the following: Brian A. Jackson, John C. Baker, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragin, John V. Parachini, and Horacio R. Trujillo, Aptitude for Destruction, • This monograph is one in a series of studies examining technological issues in terrorism and efforts to combat it. This series focuses on understanding how terrorist groups make technology choices and respond to the technologies deployed against them. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science an...

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