One of the central arguments given to resist testing currently healthy, asymptomatic children for adult-onset diseases is that they may be psychologically harmed by the knowledge gained from such tests. In this discussion I examine two of the most serious arguments: children who are tested may face limited futures, and that testing may result in damage to the child's self esteem (where the test result returns a positive diagnosis). I claim that these arguments do not stand up to critical evaluation. In conclusion, whilst I do not suggest that all at-risk children should be tested for adult-onset diseases we ought to listen carefully to some parental requests for such testing because the putative psychological harms may not be as significant or likely as initially thought. This is because parents generally have the best interests of their children at heart and if they are properly supported and educated about predictive genetic testing and the possible consequences, then the risk of psychological harms occurring may be ameliorated.

Background: There is ample evidence to suggest that academic dishonesty remains an area of concern and interest for academic and professional bodies. There is also burgeoning research in the area of moral reasoning and its relevance to the teaching of pharmacy and medicine. Aims: To explore the associations between self-reported incidence of academic dishonesty and ethical reasoning in a professional student body. Methods: Responses were elicited from 433 pharmacy and medicine students. A questionnaire eliciting responses about academic dishonesty (copying, cheating, and collusion) and their decisions regarding an ethical dilemma was distributed. Multivariate analysis procedures were conducted. Results: The findings suggested that copying and collusion may be linked to the way students make ethical decisions. Students more likely to suggest unlawful solutions to the ethical dilemma were more likely to disclose engagement in copying information and colluding with other students. Conclusions: These findings imply that students engaging in academic dishonesty may be using different ethical frameworks. Therefore, employing ethical dilemmas would likely create a useful learning framework for identifying students employing dishonest strategies when coping with their studies. Increasing understanding through dialog about engagement in academic honesty will likely construct positive learning outcomes in the university with implications for future practice.

28Add-on treatments are the new black. They are provided (most frequently, sold) to people undergoing 29 in vitro fertilization on the premise that they will improve the chances of having a baby. However, the 30 regulation of add-ons is consistently minimal, meaning that they are introduced into routine practice 31 before they have been shown to improve the live birth rate. Debate over the adequacy of this light-touch 32 approach rages. Defenders argue that demands for a rigorous approval process are paternalistic, since 33 this would delay access to promising treatments. Critics respond that promising treatments may turn 34 out to have adverse effects on patients and their offspring, contradicting the clinician's responsibility to 35 do no harm. Some add-ons, including earlier versions of PGT-A, might even reduce the live birth rate, 36 raising the prospect of desperate patients paying more to worsen their chances. Informed consent 37 represents a solution in principle, but in practice there is a clear tension between impartial information 38 and direct-to-consumer advertising. Because the effects of a treatment can't be known until it has been 39 robustly evaluated, we argue that strong evidence should be required before add-ons are introduced to 40 the clinic. In the meantime, there is an imperative to identify methods for communicating the associated 41 risks and uncertainties of add-ons to prospective patients. 42 43 Capsule 44 How should IVF add-ons be regulated? Is it ethical to provide unproven treatments? How can we inform 45 patients about the risks and uncertainties? 46. 47

The results have highlighted the high value respondents place on patient autonomy with regards to end-of-life choices; however the choice to hasten death is not a 'right' that should be available to all. RESULTS have clearly shown that New Zealanders believe regulation will play a key role in maintaining compliance with any assisted dying legislation, and in restricting access, so that only patients who are suffering intolerably and hopelessly are able to legally gain medical assistance to end their life.

This paper first considers why it is important to give children genetic information about hereditary conditions in the family, which will go on to affect their lives in a salient way. If it is important to inform children that they are at risk for an adult-onset disease that exists in the family, why should they not also grow up knowing whether they actually carry the genetic mutation? Central to this discussion is the importance of the process of disclosure and the environment in which genetic information is divulged. It is concluded that the reasons given for defending disclosure of genetic conditions in the family to children are also important reasons to cautiously defend predictive genetic testing of children for adult-onset diseases.