Climate change has palpable cross-scale implications given the severity of the matter epitomized in the prolonged discussions and negotiations between various parties that incur the consequences of the policy applications. Cross-border adjustment, though seemingly plausible, is a controversial method employed to mitigate the adverse potential impact of carbon emissions through placing an extra cost for the goods imported from countries that lag behind the standards set by multiple global agreements. Exercising cross-border adjustment on international trading activities is likely to have positive reverberations on taming the perils posed by climate change as well as triggering unforeseen perturbations in the interaction of actors involved in the global trading system. This chapter intends to shed light on cross-border adjustments via diagnosing the issues emerging out of the inter-scale interactions and question its effectiveness in micro and macro terms.

International trade introduces a range of risks, which causes uncertainty over the timing of delivery and payment between exporters and importers. This chapter is a first attempt in dissecting Turkey's trade data in terms of risk allocation and trust between the parties involved. Breaking down Turkish export and import data for the years 2000 to 2018 according to methods of payment and use of currencies, the chapter first finds the risk is distributed unevenly between the exporter and the importer. Then findings are evaluated to open a new avenue of future research, constructed on the inquiry whether emerging economies like Turkey can establish trust in their trade with developed economies by using blockchain technology.

International trade introduces a range of risks, which causes uncertainty over the timing of delivery and payment between exporters and importers. This chapter is a first attempt in dissecting Turkey's trade data in terms of risk allocation and trust between the parties involved. Breaking down Turkish export and import data for the years 2000 to 2018 according to methods of payment and use of currencies, the chapter first finds the risk is distributed unevenly between the exporter and the importer. Then findings are evaluated to open a new avenue of future research, constructed on the inquiry whether emerging economies like Turkey can establish trust in their trade with developed economies by using blockchain technology.

The aim of the study is to understand the change in marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry in human health during the pandemic process and to reveal the projections for post-marketing strategies in Turkey. With analyzes such as the speed of the industry's adaptation to change, the flexibility of digitalization, the suitability of the existing structure, and the number of employees, future projections have been analyzed on the basis of the evaluations of pharmaceutical sector managers. The environment of the sector that has developed as a result of digitalization has been examined with its positive and negative aspects in terms of employment and employee competencies. As a result, all stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry are not fully prepared for this process, adapting more slowly than expected in terms of adaptation time. As a living process, the preferences and methods need continuous and regular updating, but it has revealed the fact that digitalization will be passed as a partial and complete final result in its forward-looking predictions.