Understanding the relative effect of job stressors may help identify fruitful areas for intervention and improve nurse recruitment and retention.

Aims To investigate clinically relevant subtypes of perinatal depressive symptoms. Design Cross‐sectional study. Methods A sample of 2,783 women at different prenatal and postnatal periods was recruited between August 2015 – August 2017. The Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ‐9) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Data analyses consisted of latent class analysis (LCA), analysis of variance and multinomial logistic regression. Results (a) Five latent subtypes (Classes 5/4/3/1/2) were identified: ‘no symptoms’, ‘mild physio‐somatic symptoms’, ‘severe physio‐somatic symptoms and moderate anhedonia’, ‘moderate‐to‐severe symptoms’ and ‘severe symptoms’; (b) Postpartum women were more likely to belong to the severe depressive symptoms group, whereas pregnant women were likely to report severe physio‐somatic symptoms; and (c) History of abortion and perinatal complications increased the likelihood of belonging to all moderate‐to‐severe classes. Lower levels of education increased the probability of belonging to Class 2. Younger women were more likely to be categorized into Classes 1 and 2. Conclusions This is the first study to examine heterogeneity of perinatal depressive symptoms and delineate the characteristics of subtypes at different prenatal and postnatal periods via the PHQ‐9, using LCA in a Chinese general population. Impact This research details the heterogeneity of perinatal depressive symptoms and delineates the characteristics of subtypes at different prenatal and postnatal periods in a Chinese general population.

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A non-linear relationship exists between the cumulative exposure to occupational stressors and nurses' burnout. Those who less frequently use cognitive reappraisal, more frequently use rumination and expressive suppression, and have a high level of stressors may be more likely to experience burnout.

Previous studies have reported different effect sizes for self-help interventions designed to reduce postpartum depression symptoms; therefore, a comprehensive quantitative review of the research was required. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effectiveness of self-help interventions designed to treat and prevent postpartum depression, and identified nine relevant randomized controlled trials. Differences in depressive symptoms between self-help interventions and control conditions, changes in depressive symptoms following self-help interventions, and differences in postintervention recovery and improvement rates between self-help interventions and control conditions were assessed in separate analyses. In treatment trials, depression scores continued to decrease from baseline to posttreatment and follow-up assessment in treatment subgroups. Changes in treatment subgroups' depression scores from baseline to postintervention assessment were greater relative to those observed in prevention subgroups. Self-help interventions produced larger overall effects on postpartum depression, relative to those observed in control conditions, in posttreatment (Hedges' g = 0.51) and follow-up (Hedges' g = 0.32) assessments; and self-help interventions were significantly more effective, relative to control conditions, in promoting recovery from postpartum depression. Effectiveness in preventing depression did not differ significantly between self-help interventions and control conditions.The findings suggested that self-help interventions designed to treat postpartum depression reduced levels of depressive symptoms effectively and decreased the risk of postpartum depression.