Background: Vaccines are one of the most successful and cost-effective health intervention. It becomes imperative that use of vaccine was done through a proper framework of practical decision-making that confers positive health and economic benefits to the society of which Vaccine Wastage was a key factor. The aim of the study is to assess “Vaccine Wastage Rate” and “Wastage Factor” of different vaccines given to beneficiaries in Immunization Clinic and based on the above data, recommend measures to reduce it in the Immunization clinic  Methods: The present study was a Record Based Retrospective study carried out in Immunization Clinic in Madhav Dispensary of tertiary center at Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. The data was collected from 1 April 2015 - 31 March 2016.Results: Immunization Sessions were conducted in Immunization clinic during reference period and 7 vaccines BCG, OPV, DPT, Hepatitis B, pentavalent, measles and TT were given. Among individual vaccines, wastage rate and wastage factor in BCG (20.71 and 1.26), OPV (14.65 and 1.17), DPT (15.6 and 1.18), Hepatitis B (10.56 and 1.12), Pentavalent (5.2 and 1.05), Measles (21.68 and 1.28), TT (7.09 and 1.08), and IPV (10.49 and 1.12) was respectively.Conclusions: Vaccine wastage could be expected in all programmes and there should be an acceptable limit of wastage. Innovative techniques to be developed not only to reduce wastage but also the operational cost for convenience of children who were to be vaccinated and parents who bring their children for vaccination without compromising coverage.

Background: Parents knowledge about immunization is India’s primary tool against the menace of child not immunized completely. The parents especially mothers should have basic knowledge of immunization in under five children.Methods: The study evaluates knowledge and behaviour of mothers regarding the immunization of 250 infants who attended Immunization clinic of Madhav dispensary J.A. Hospital, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh by simple random sampling method under the PSBH project completed by MBBS Final Part I students.Results: Brief structured interview with transient training and structured questionnaire techniques were used to collect responses from the mothers. In total 59.32% mothers were aware about the immunization aspects and only 45.8% were about the mandatory vaccines had been rendering adequate knowledge and they were not much reflective of the same when being questioned on the knowledge parameter. The study revealed that out of 250 mothers, 40% were in the age group of 21-25 years. After immunization based brief transient training given to mothers, their knowledge about immunization aspects and individual vaccines under five children was significantly improved from pre test assessment mean score 118.1±59.3 to post test assessment 224.1±89.6 respectively.Conclusions: There are several loopholes in the mother’s knowledge regarding immunization. Many of them had no knowledge about compulsory vaccines. Despite inadequate knowledge and attitude of mothers towards infant immunization, the majority of mothers had good change (42.4%) and 32.3% due to seeking of information about practice of infant immunization and individual vaccine. From this point of view, it is possible to conclude that mothers’ immunization practice was not really based on their knowledge and attitude regarding immunization of infants. Maternal education and socio economic status were significantly associated with good knowledge.

Background: According to World Health Organization, adolescents constitute about one fifth of the world population, and in India they constitute about 21% of the total population. Most of the surveys show that health status of adolescent girls is at sub-optimal level. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and morbidity pattern among the adolescent girls and to suggest measures for improvement of health status of adolescent girls.  Method: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 adolescent schoolgirls in Rural and urban field practice area of Jhansi school from January 2017 to July 2014. Results: Among the various morbidities eye problem was seen in maximum no of adolescent girls. Eye problem was present in 44.8% of adolescent girls followed by respiratory 14.7% and ear 13.06% disease. Skin disease was present in 3.2% of adolescent girls, which was more in rural girls 6.7% than in urban girls 1.7%, may be due to better hygienic practice in urban schoolgirls. Conclusions: Rural background, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, birth rate and order, income and number of members in a family have shown to be significant determinants of morbidity pattern in the adolescent girls. Keywords: Adolescent, anemia, morbidity, vaginal discharge.

In Indian society Menstruation is not a subject to talk openly and freely. In Indian families there is restriction to talk about menstruation, menstruating girls are isolated and restrictions being imposed on them in the family. There is lack of knowledge regarding normal physiological phenomenon of menstruation among Indian adolescents girls. This study is conducted To assess the practices of menstrual hygiene among school going adolescent girls. To assess how socioeconomic status affect absorbent material used. To assess the help seeking behaviour and source of help among school going adolescent girls. Results: 73% girls have menarche at 13-14 years,75% girls are using sanitary pads, class-I and class-II socioeconomic status are using sanitary pads,25% girls seek help for their menses related problems and family members mainly mothers are most common source of help providers. Conclusion:There are myths and taboos regarding menstrual hygiene practices, Parents should sense the need of their daughters and have to give more liberal and helping atmosphere to their daughters, role of health education is vital in maintaining menstrual health of adolescents girls.

BACKGROUNDSince the inclusion of spiritual health within WHO's purview, a number of other significant organisations have also attended to spirituality and incorporated reference to it in key documents, including the United Nations action plan Agenda 21 which recognises the right of individuals to "healthy physical, mental, and spiritual development". Studies conducted on common people to analyse the effect of spiritual activities practised by them in their day-to-day life on their health are very few.The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of spirituality and health among randomly selected common people of Gwalior region irrespective of their sex, religion, occupation, etc. and to contribute to the vast pool of similar researches conducted worldwide to determine scientific phenomenal value of spirituality.