Diabetic Nephropathy in the long run leads to end Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Serum Creatinine and Serum Urea are recognised as ideal markers to co-relate the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic Nephropathy is clinically diagnosed with decrease in Glomerular function rate (GFR), probability of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and morbidity or mortality caused due to it. The early detection of an imbalance in the level of Urea and Creatinine levels can assist in the diagnosis and prevention of Diabetic Renal diseases and its progression. In this study, the period of the commencement of Diabetes and its severity is intensely correlated with an abnormal level of Urea but not so with that of Creatinine. While Creatinine is regarded as greater sensitive index of kidney function than Urea and hence this justifies as the requirement for a perfect filtration marker.

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenism marked with hirsutism and ovarian dysfunction. These conditions may lead to the risk of insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. These conditions are related to PCOS complications hence our aim was to study and investigate the relationship between high-sensitivity C - reactive protein (hs-CPR) level and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in PCOS patients. Materials and Methods: Female patients visiting the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department (OPD), aged between 19 and 45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29 kg/m2. The individuals fulfilling the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria for PCOS; including amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and had been clinically diagnosed with hyperandrogenism were served as subjects. Results: Two hundred and ten individuals with HbA1c of 5.4% have a higher risk of cardiovascular disorders. The study showed the association between increased cardiac risk as measured by hs-CRP and patients with normal HbA1c values with a sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 75.99%. The HbA1c cutoff value can be used in the PCOS patients to assess the cardiac risk due to association of HbA1c cut off value with false positivity rate of 15.24%. Conclusion: In PCOS patients with chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and the degree of inflammation associated with HbA1c value was observed.

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Introduction: Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is a blood component separated from whole blood and frozen below -30°C within 8 hours of donation for optimum preservation of coagulation factors. However, logistic and geographical reasons may hamper separation of plasma within 8 hours and the separation may have to be delayed to between 8 and 24 hours and then frozen below -30°C which is called as Frozen Plasma (FP). Plasma separated between 8 and 24 hours is a licensed blood component in the United States of America (USA) for therapeutic use similar to FFP. It is not licensed in India leading to frequent shortage of plasma. Aim: To compare the activity of factors V, VIII and X and the level of fibrinogen between FFP and FP, so as to assess the therapeutic use of FP for formulating recommendation as licensed blood component. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The duration of the study was 10 months, from January 2018 to October 2018. 50 units each of FFP and FP matched for the camp location, age, gender and blood group were selected. There were 44 males and six females in each of FFP and FP groups. They were compared for the activity of labile coagulation factors (factors V and VIII) and stable factor X. The level of fibrinogen was also measured in both components. It was done within 30 days of preparation of plasma. The mean values of each of the four parameters for FFP and FP were calculated and compared for statistical significance (p) by using unpaired Student’s t-test. Microsoft Excel 2016 was used for statistical analysis. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of FFP and FP individuals (blood donors) was 31.2 and 31.3 years respectively, while the median age in years was 31 and 30.5, respectively. The activity/level of all the tested coagulation factors was lower in FP as compared to FFP. The difference was statistically significant for factor VIII (p-value <0.05). It was not significant for factor V, X and fibrinogen. The level/activity of coagulation factors in FP, though lower than that in FFP, fell within normal reference range in 90-95% of units. Conclusion: FP may be used as a therapeutic alternative to FFP excluding patients of haemophilia A in whom factor VIII concentrate and cryoprecipitate are considered better therapeutic modalities. Results of similar multicentre studies will help in formulating recommendations regarding licensing.