OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and smoking with outcome in patients with COVID-19.METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, EuropePMC, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Central Database. A composite of poor outcome, mortality, severe COVID-19, the need for treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) and disease progression were the outcomes of interest.RESULTS: Data on 4603 patients were pooled from 21 studies. COPD was associated with an increased risk for composite poor outcome (OR 5.01, 95%CI 3.06–8.22; P < 0.001; I2 0%), mortality (OR 4.36, 95%CI 1.45–13.10; P = 0.009; I2 0%), severe COVID-19 (OR 4.62, 95%CI 2.49–8.56; P < 0.001; I2 0%), ICU care (OR 8.33, 95%CI 1.27–54.56; P = 0.03; I2 0%), and disease progression (OR 8.42, 95%CI 1.60–44.27; P = 0.01; I2 0%). Smoking was found to increase the risk of composite poor outcome (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.16–2.00; P = 0.005; I2 12%), and subgroup analysis showed that smoking was significant for increased risk of severe COVID-19 (OR 1.65, 95%CI 1.17–2.34; P = 0.004; I2 11%). Current smokers were at higher risk of composite poor outcomes (OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.10–2.27; P = 0.01; I2 0%) than former/non-smokers.CONCLUSION: Our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that COPD and smoking were associated with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

The coverage of the Covid 19 vaccine on Kompas.com is the object of this research. The purpose of this study is to find out, analyze, and reveal how the political discourse in the news of the Covid 19 Vaccine and how post-commodification of information occurs through the news of the Covid 19 vaccine on Kompas.com. The technique used is documentation. This research is an interpretive qualitative research with a critical paradigm with Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse analysis in this theory is carried out at three levels, namely text, discursive practice, and sociocultural practice. The results showed that the political discourse that developed in the news of the Covid 19 vaccine on Kompas.com was in the practice of media commodification. Political discourse in the news of the Covid-19 vaccine is represented as an identity battle between related parties, especially in government circles. The news on the Covid 19 vaccine, narrated by Kompas.com, is very political to gain recognition, support, and representation of media ideology by turning news into a millennial industry, ammunition for political competition and political partisan identity within the government.

Social media is an effective political campaign because it can make messages viral. These message is easily reposted, shared, and commented on Facebook fanpage. Indonesia is in the third place on Facebook users with 130 million users. In the 2019 presidential election in Indonesia supporters of the candidates were required to be creative in using social media to win votes, supporters were part of the campaign. Facebook is used as media to distribute messages quickly, widely, and simultaneously, which is called "viral". This research uses constructivist perspective. It is qualitative research method with single case study. Supporters create political contens in social media that are viral in political campaign for Jokowi-Amin. Thus, it is representations of Jokowi-Amin's voters behavior through messages and opinions by the loyal supporters. The result is the media can be interaction between supporters of Jokowi-Amin in the form of comments and shares. Many of supporter spread jokowi-Amin's campaign posts to other social media platforms to get a lot of support. The viral Facebook invitations by supporter for GBK Event of Jokowi-Amin campaign reached all over Indonesia even to all elements of Indonesian society with only a week. It was a successful big event where more than 160 thousand volunteers and supporters came and enlivened the campaign on GBK.