The production capacity of Indonesia’s paper industry is expected to continously increase causing more wastewater generated. The wastewater of paper industry that has been treated in biological Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is commonly discharged to the environment and may still contain organic materials and nutrients such as nitrogen and fosfor that have not been utilized. An alternative of wastewater utilization is in algae cutivation. The Spirulina platensis is one of blue-green microalgae types containing high protein and widely used as food and fish feed ingredients. This study was conducted to identify S. platensis growth in effluent of paper industry as medium. The wastewater with the percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used as media to grow microalgae S. platensis. During cultivation,the medium pH and biomass production were analyzed, while proximate analysis were also done after havesting. Results showed that S. platensis microalgae grown in 100% wastewater medium yielded the highest biomass among all other treatments at 4-days of cultivation, about 25% higher than that in control medium. The biomass produced contains about 60% protein which is nearly equal to that reported from other countries .Keywords : microalgae, Spirulina platensis, effluent, paper industry  ABSTRAKKapasitas produksi industri kertas di Indonesia diperkirakan akan terus meningkat menyebabkan peningkatan air limbah yang dihasilkan. Air limbah industri kertas yang telah diolah pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) biologi pada umumnya langsung dibuang ke lingkungan dan masih mengandung materi organik serta unsur hara seperti nitrogen dan fosfor yang belum termanfaatkan. Salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan air limbah tersebut adalah budidaya alga. Spirulina platensis merupakan salah satu jenis mikroalga hijau kebiruan yang mengandung protein tinggi dan banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pangan dan pakan ikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan S. platensis pada efluen industri kertas sebagai medium. Efluen dengan persentase perlakuan 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100% digunakan sebagai medium tumbuh S. platensis. Selama kultivasi alga, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap pH medium dan pengukuran produksi biomassa sedangkan analisa proksimat dilakukan setelah pemanenan kultur. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kultur S. platensis pada medium air limbah 100% menghasilkan produksi biomassa paling tinggi pada hari ke-4 kultivasi, yaitu sekitar 25% lebih tinggi dibandingkan medium kontrol. Biomassa S. platensis yang dibudidayakan dalam media air limbah terolah industri kertas mengandung 60% protein yang hampir setara dengan yang dihasilkan negara lain.Kata kunci : mikroalga, Spirulina platensis, efluen, industri kertas

The residue from anaerobic digestion of paper mill biological sludge has the potency to be used as organic fertilizer. Physically, organic fertilizer in pellet form has smaller volume and easily stored and transported. The aim of this study is to obtain the appropriate adhesive to make fertilizer pellets from the residue from anaerobic digestion of paper mill biological sludge. The experiment were performed with two variable treatments which are the types of adhesive (sago flour, cassava starch, molasses) and the adhesive doses (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) with respectively 3 replications. The physical properties of resulting pellets were tested including yield, density, water holding capacity, and durability. The effect of pellets on plant germination and growth was also done using tomato seed. The results explained that generally, the pellets meet minimum requirements of organic fertilizers and soil conditioner according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7847:2012) unless Zn as micro nutrient and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 70/2011 unless water content. The pelletization of organic fertilizer to the size of 3-5 mm can be done by adding the best adhesive material, namely cassava starch 1% with the physical properties of the pellets including a yield of 99.56%, density of 1.84 g/mL, water holding capacity of 65.53%, and durability of 99.65-99.84%, but organic fertilizer pellets (with sago flour as adhesive) at a dose of 0.5 g/50 g media is the best for tomato germination and growth.Keywords: anaerobic digestion residue, organic fertilizer pellet, molasses, cassava starch, sago flourABSTRAKResidu proses digestasi anaerobik lumpur biologi industri kertas berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik. Secara fisik, pupuk organik dalam bentuk pelet lebih kecil volumenya dan lebih mudah disimpan dan diangkut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh bahan perekat yang sesuai untuk membuat pelet pupuk organik dari residu proses digestasi anaerobik lumpur biologi industri kertas. Percobaan dilakukan dengan 2 variabel perlakuan, yaitu jenis perekat (tepung sagu, tepung kanji, molase) dan dosis perekat (0,5%; 1,0%; dan 1,5%) dengan masing-masing 3 replikasi. Pelet yang dihasilkan diuji sifat fisiknya meliputi yield, densitas, water holding capacity dan durabilitas. Percobaan pengaruh pelet berperekat terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan biji tanaman tomat juga dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa secara umum, pelet memenuhi persyaratan minimal pupuk organik dan pembenah tanah sesuai SNI 7847:2012 kecuali Zn sebagai unsur hara mikro dan PERMENTAN No. 70 tahun 2011 kecuali kadar air. Pembuatan pelet pupuk organik dengan ukuran 3–5 mm dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan bahan perekat terbaik, yaitu tepung kanji 1% dengan sifat fisik : yield 99,56%, densitas 1,84 g/mL, water holding capacity 65,53% dan durabilitas 99,65-99,84%, namun penggunaan pelet pupuk organik (berperekat tepung sagu) 0,5 g/50 g media untuk perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan biji tanaman tomat merupakan yang terbaik.Kata kunci: residu digestasi anaerobik, pelet pupuk organik, molase, tepung kanji, tepung sagu

Proses flue gas desulohurization (FGD) dengan wet scrubber adalah suatu proses untuk menurunkan konsentrasi SOx gas buang hasil pembakaran. Proses inidapat mengatasi polusi udara dengan cara menurunkan emisi gas dan partikel debu sehingga menghasilkan gas buangan yang lebih bersih. Air limbah wet scrubber bersifat asam. Salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan air limbah wet scrubber adalah untuk budidaya mikroalga. Spirulina platensis merupakan mikroalga yang berwarna hijau kebiruan yang mempunyai nilai gizi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi air limbah wet scrubber sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi air limbah yang optimum bagi pertumbuhan S. platensis. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Air limbah wet srubber dengan konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% digunakan sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis. Selama kultivasi, dilakukan pengamatan pH, produksi biomassa, dan kandungan fikosianin. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa air limbah wet scrubber dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis. Konsentrasi optimum bagi pertumbuhan S. platensis adalah campuran dari 75% air limbah  wet scrubber dan 25% medium Zarrouk.Kata kunci : air limbah, flue gas desulphurization, wet scrubber, Spirulina platensis Utilization of Wet Scrubber Wastewater from Flue Gas Desuphurization (FGD) of Paper Industry as a Growth Medium for Spirulina platensisAbstractThe flue gas desulohurization (FGD) withwet scrubber is a process to reduce the concentration of SOx of the flue gas from combustion. This process can resolve the air pollution by reducing gas emission and the dust particles in the liquid droplets to produce cleaner flue gas. The wet scrubber wastewater is acidic. An alternative utilization of wet scrubber wastewater is for cultivation of microalgae. Spirulina platensis is bluish-green microalgae containing high nutritional value. The objective of this research is to determine the potential and the optimum concentration of wastewater from wet scrubber as growth medium of Spirulina. platensis. The research method was observation in the laboratory with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions. The wastewater from wet scrubber with a concentration of 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % was used as growth medium of S. platensis. During cultivation, pH, biomass production, and pigment phycocyanin were measured. The results indicated that the wastewater of wet scrubber can be utilized as a growth medium of S. platensis. The optimum concentration for the growth of S. platensis is the mixture of 75% of the wastewater from wet scrubber and 25% of medium Zarrouk.Keywords : wastewater, flue gas desulphurization, wet scrubber, Spirulina platensis

Research of fed batch saccharification using paper mill primary sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been conducted. The research was conducted in several stages i.e. sludge characterization, determining optimum dosage of cellulase and glucosidase through batch saccharification, and continued with fed batch saccharification. The characterization was performed on 3 primary sludge type from 3 paper mill, which are print paper mill with virgin pulp raw material, paper tissue mill with virgin pulp raw material and core board mill with waste paper raw material. The characterization results showed that the sludge derived from the tissue paper mill with virgin pulp raw material has the highest content of cellulose which is 47.06%, this sludge was used as further research material. The initial trial of batch saccharification at 6% w/w and temperature of 60oC gave optimum dosage of cellulase 9 FPU/g cellulose and β-glucosidase 80 IU/g cellulose with reducing sugar 20.01 g/L and a saccharification efficiency of 63.84%. Fed batch saccharification was performed on tissue paper mill sludge at cellulase and glucosidase enzyme doses respectively 9 FPU/g cellulose and 80 IU/g, temperature 60°C and initial pH of 4 with two variables, which are cumulative solid content (10%, 14%, and 18% w/v) and feed enzyme system (at the beginning and in step). The best results were obtained at fed batch sakarifikasi with gradual enzyme feeding at 14% solids content resulting in reducing sugar 43.899 g/L and efficiency 60.03%.

Hampir sebanyak 90% industri farmasi di Indonesia masih menggunakan bahan baku impor. Indonesia memiliki salah satu bahan baku yang cukup melimpah yaitu selulosa. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) adalah hasil sintesis dari bakteri aerobic seperti bakteri asam asetat Gluconacetobacter spp. yang berbentuk selulosa murni dengan diameter berukuran nano. Bahan baku BNC yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi adalah BNC dalam bentuk slurry atau high viscose nanocellulose. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memilih bakteri dan kondisi optimum dalam memproduksi BNC. Bakteri yang digunakan adalah Gluconacetobacter xylinus dan Gluconacetobacter intermedius yang berasal dari InaCC-LIPI dan Gluconacetobacter sp. dari industri nata de coco. Inokulum dari ketiga jenis kultur bakteri tersebut dikultivasi selama 7 hari dalam medium Hestrin&Schramm (HS) cair menggunakan kultur statis dan agitasi dengan kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm pada pH 5 dan suhu 25 ºC. Isolat bakteri Gluconacetobacter sp. dipilih sebagai bakteri penghasil BNC karena memiliki nilai yield paling tinggi. Kemudian isolat tersebut ditumbuhkan pada variasi kecepatan agitasi (100, 150, dan 200 rpm), variasi pH (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; dan 6,0), dan variasi suhu (25-30 ºC). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Gluconacetobacter sp. memiliki kondisi optimum pada kecepatan agitasi 150 rpm, pH 5,5, dan suhu 27 ºC. Optimization of Bacterial Nanocellulose Production in Agitation Culture MethodsAbstractAlmost 90% of pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia still uses imported raw material. However, Indonesia has one of the abundant raw materials which is cellulose. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a pure form of nanocellulose biopolymer material synthesized by microbes such as acetic acid bacteria of Gluconacetobacter spp. as pure cellulose and having diameter in nano scale. BNC used in pharmaceutical industry is in the slurry form/high viscose nanocellulose. The purpose of this study is to determine the bacteria and the optimum conditions to produce BNC. The bacteria used were Gluconacetobacter xylinus and Gluconacetobacter intermedius from InaCC-LIPI and Gluconacetobacter sp. from nata industry. The inoculums were cultivated for 7 days in liquid Hestrin & Schramm (HS) medium using static and agitation culture with a stirring speed of 150 rpm at pH 5 and temperature 25 ºC. The production of BNC has been conducted by using Gluconacetobacter sp., because it has the highest yield. Then it was inoculated at different variation of agitation speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm), pH (4.0; 4.5; 5.0; and 6.0), and temperature (25-30 ºC). This research shows that Gluconacetobacter sp. has optimum conditions at the agitation speed of 150 rpm, pH 5.5, and temperature 27 ºC.Keywords: Bacterial nanocellulose, Gluconacetobacter, agitation