Among all cancers, the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is quite high in the endemic regions. NPC is a head and neck cancer with poor survival rate, and is rare throughout most of the world but common in certain geographic areas, like southern Asia and some regions of North East India (Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram). A clear understanding of its etiology is still lacking, but NPC is widely suspected to be the result of both genetic susceptibility and exposure to environmental factors or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Diagnosis in the early stages needs a high index of clinical acumen, and, although most cross-sectional imaging investigations show the tumor with precision, confirmation is dependent on histology. This article reviews all related research reports on NPC histopathological classifications worldwide that have been published within the past 20 years. Genome-wide association studies suggested that there might be common disease mechanisms between that disease and NPC. Personalized management rules, quality assessment of life in patients, and an understanding of the essential mechanisms of recurrence could be directed toward research into recurrent NPC. Hence, this literature would offer otolaryngologists a deeper insight into the etiological and management aspects of NPC.

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Introduction: MicroRNAs play a crucial role in regulating the expression of protein-coding genes, impacting diverse biological processes. Computational techniques have enabled the identification and characterization of miRNAs with essential functions in development, metabolism, pathogen response, and apoptosis. Methods: To predict miRNAs and their target genes, TamiRPred, a versatile research tool, was utilized. The predicted miRNA sequences were compared to known monocot plant miRNAs using BLASTn to assess their conservation. Gene Ontology (GO) terms were assigned based on molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components. Pathway analysis was conducted to explore the impact of predicted miRNAs on Avena sativa's growth and development. Results: Our study focused on identifying miRNAs in Avena sativa and their associated target genes. We discovered miRNAs that exist in both sense and antisense strands, leading us to adopt an efficient approach for miRNA identification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary connections with cereals like Oryza sativa, Zea mays, and Triticum aestivum. Notably, we identified principal target genes, including Lrr14, wPR4g, and Pm3, which are associated with defense mechanisms. MiRNAs were also found to modulate the expression of disease resistance genes, such as chitinase and ND4L. Molecular function analysis highlighted the influence of miRNAs on growth and development processes, involving ATP binding, metal ion binding, and nutrition reservoir activity. Furthermore, our protein-protein interaction network analysis underscored the importance of specific target genes in Avena sativa. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into the functional roles of predicted miRNAs in plant growth and development, offering a foundation for future research in this field.