This article discusses the history of railways as transportation support for the plantation industry in East Sumatra in the period 1881-1940. The history of railways in East Sumatra can not be separated from the history of Deli tobacco plantations since the beginning of the arrival of Nienhuys, which became the early era of Deli Maatschappij. Deli Maatschappij was the one who built the entire railroad network and all its facilities along the East Sumatra plantation belt area since the 19th century through its subsidiary named Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij (DSM). The method used is the historical method. A literature study conducted is to reconstruct the history of railways in East Sumatra collected from a number of historiographies. The results found that DSM has built a 553,223 km rail network along the plantation area of the east coast of Sumatra. The progress achieved by Deli Maatschappij and DSM can be said as a benchmark for the success of the plantation industry in East Sumatra. The existence of the plantation industry, the presence of private entrepreneurs, and the construction of the railroad network later greatly influenced the development of the city of Medan as a new business center with all the modern urban facilities that complement it.Keywords: transportation history, railways, Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij, East Sumatra plantations.
Artikel ini membahas mengenai warisan Pendudukan Jepang sebagai potensi wisata sejarah di Sumatera Timur. Zaman Pendudukan Jepang merupakan periodisasi sejarah yang kerap dilupakan dan diabaikan dalam kajian-kajian sejarah. Sejarah terkait Zaman Pendudukan Jepang dan segala tinggalannya juga jarang sekali menjadi perhatian pembangunan dan pelestarian. Zaman Pendudukan Jepang perlu ditinjau kembali untuk melihat peluang-peluang baru dan sejauh mana potensinya bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini melihat adanya peluang di bidang pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah. Data yang digunakan berasal dari berbagai sumber sekunder (studi literatur). Beberapa peninggalannya yang teridentifikasi adalah Lubang Jepang di Batu Bara, Sungai Buatan di Deli Serdang, dan Benteng Jepang di Kota Medan. Peninggalan-peninggalan tersebut punya potensi sebagai destinasi wisata sejarah namun belum pernah dipertimbangkan oleh pemerintah daerah sebagai proyeksi pariwisata masa depan.
Di dalam perjalanan historis bangsa Indonesia menempatkan Orde Baru sebagai penguasa terlama dan paling terasa hingga kini. Militer adalah konsep yang menjadi ciri khas dalam pemerintahan Orde Baru. Suharto yang muncul dari organik Angkatan Darat telah mendominasi pemerintahan yang juga berasal dari Angkatan Darat pada umumnya. Meskipun terdapat unsur-unsur militer lainnya, Angkatan Darat-lah yang paling nyata berkuasa selama 32 tahun pemerintahan Orde Baru. Melalui kajian literatur, tulisan ini akan mengupas tonggak-tonggak kekuasaan Angkatan Darat dalam kekuatan militer yang berkuasa besar di tiap lini pemerintahan. Hasil yang didapat adalah perubahan-perubahan dalam realitas historis bangsa Indonesia yang militernya berganti-ganti berkuasa dalam pemerintahan. Mulai dari Angkatan Laut di masa kerajaan-kerajaan Jawa (Singashari, Majapahit dan Mataram) dan Sumatera (Sriwijaya dan Aceh) hingga kemerdekaan yang menempatkan Angkatan Darat sebagai pemenang dalam kekuasaan. Dominasinya di dalam pemerintahan sangat terasa selama 32 tahun Orde Baru memerintah.Kata Kunci: Militer, Angkatan Darat, Pemerintahan, Orde Baru.
Research title "Change in Simalungun Ethnic Death Ceremony in Sondi Raya Village". The purpose of writing this thesis is to find out the function of the death ceremony in the ethnic Simalungun, the value contained in the death ceremony, and the changes contained in the process of the death ceremony in the ethnic Simalungun in the village of Sondi Raya. The method used in this study is a historical method that uses written and oral sources, in the form of books and photographs of the Simalungun ethnic death ceremony. Oral sources were obtained through interviews with Raja Parhata (traditional leaders) and religious leaders, as well as laboratory studies using video of death in the village of Sondi Raya. The results obtained are (1) The function of the death ceremony in Simalungun is as a final tribute to the deceased especially to someone who has the title of Sayur Matua. (2) The value contained in the ceremonial death in the ethnic Simalungun namely the value of Sapangahapan is still thick in the Simalungun community, where every misfortune of the surrounding community provides consolation so that families who are grieving do not continue to dissolve in sadness. (3) Changes in the Simalungun death ceremony experienced some of the most striking changes is the gual vegetable matua which was always used during the death ceremony became rare and even changed into modern music, and the size of the porcelain (white cloth) before the size of the porcelain varies depending on the closeness of kinship with deceased person. While now the size is the same for all those who are still close relatives and community mourners in the same village.Keywords: Sayur Matua, Simalungun
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