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Currently, numerous studies have shown that carbon nanofibres have mechanical properties that are replaced by other widely used fibres. The high tensile strength of the carbon fibres makes them ideal to use in polymer matrix composites. The high-strength fibres can be used in short form in a composite and mass-produced to meet the high demands of automotive applications. These composites are capable of addressing the strength requirement of nonstructural and structural components of the automotive industry. Due to these composite lightweight and high-strength weight ratios, the applications can be widely varying. The research for these materials is a never-ending process, as researchers and design engineers are yet to tap its full potential. This study fabricated phenolic resin with different wt% of carbon nanofibre (CNF). The percentage of the CNF as a filler material is varied from 1 to 4 wt%. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and XRD were investigated. Phenolic resin with 4 wt% of carbon nanofibre (CNF) exhibits maximum tensile strength and hardness of 43.8 MPa and 37.8 HV.

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This paper examines the combined effects of ignition improvers (DMC) and EGR on the CRDI small single-cylinder diesel engine’s performance, combustion, and emissions. In this experimentation, 20% (B20) optimal mix of Prosopis juliflora oil biodiesel (PJOB) and 5 ml dimethyl carbonate (DMC) additive was used as test fuel. The fuel handling CRDI system factors such as injection pressure set at 600 bar and injection timing set to 21 (bTDC) with a compression ratio of 16 were considered for the study. For the EGR trial, 20% of the exhaust gas was recirculated under various BMEP circumstances. The test was performed with and without EGR and DMC additive conditions like (i) diesel @ 0% EGR, (ii) diesel + 5 ml DMC @ 20% EGR, (iii) B20 @ 0% EGR, and (iv) B20 + 5 ml DMC @ 20% EGR at the engine power output. The amalgamation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) additives and EGR reduces NOx and smoke while increasing CO and HC emissions. In addition, the DMC additive and EGR improve thermal efficiency slightly. The overall clubbing of DMC additive and EGR rate indicates better performance for the selected factors than a CRDI engine with a six-hole conventional mechanical fuel injection system. The outcome of the work clearly demonstrates that both the 5 ml DMC additive and the 20% EGR rate of the B20 blend show optimum values of BTE, BSFC, and EGT of 32.93%, 0.27 kg/kw·hr, and 310.89°C, which is closer to diesel. Factors of combustion like cylinder peak pressure (CPP) and heat release rate (HRR) are 70.93 bar and 58.13 J/deg. The tailpipe exhaust of NOx and smoke is 1681 ppm and 31.30 (% vol), which is less than diesel. The HC and CO levels are 93 ppm and 0.38 (% vol), respectively, which are significantly higher than diesel fuel.