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Aims: To describe turnover intention of emergency nurses and clarify the effects of organizational commitment, job satisfaction and workplace violence on turnover intention. Background: Research has showed the predictors of turnover intention differed among nurses of different specialties. However, research on turnover intention has mostly focused on general nurses rather than emergency nurses. Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 415 emergency nurses in Beijing, China, using convenience sampling. Path analysis was used to test the relationships between organizational commitment, job satisfaction, workplace violence and turnover intention. Results: Most emergency nurses (90.2%) had a high level or very high level of turnover intention. Contrary to previous studies, organizational commitment had a significant direct positive effect on workplace violence. It also had a direct positive effect on job satisfaction and a negative effect on turnover intention. Workplace violence had a negative effect on job satisfaction and a positive effect on turnover intention. Job satisfaction had a direct negative effect on turnover intention. Conclusion: To reduce turnover intention in the emergency department, measures should be taken to reduce workplace violence and increase nurses' job satisfaction, especially those with high organizational commitment.

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Background: Lack of exercise is a prevalent problem in patients receiving dialysis. Although guidelines recommend these patients to undertake suitable exercise, no exercise type or intensity has been suggested, and the effect of exercise on muscle fitness in dialysis patients is not clear. This study investigated the effect of exercise on muscle fitness, including muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, in patients on dialysis. Methods: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted. Five English and 4 Chinese databases were searched from their inception to July 2018. Two independent reviewers searched the different databases, selected trials, conducted bias assessment, and extracted the data. Results: A total of 21 RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Pooled results demonstrated that resistance training significantly improved leg mass (standard mean difference [SMD] 0.34, 95% CI [0.06–0.62], p= 0.02) whereas aerobic training did not (SMD 0.87, 95% CI [–0.11 to 1.86], p = 0.08). Resistance training increased both grip strength (weighted mean difference [WMD] 4.71 kg, 95% CI [2.42–6.99], p < 0.00001) and knee extension strength (WMD 3.93 kg, 95% CI [0.59–7.28], p = 0.02) significantly. Aerobic training improved grip strength (WMD 7.70 kg, 95% CI [3.35–12.05], p= 0.005) and the time of finishing short version of the sit-to-stand test (STS; WMD –4.69 s, 95% CI [–9.01 to –0.38], p = 0.03) but with insufficient evidence. In the dimension of physical performance, both aerobic training and resistance training have some beneficial effect on improving the score of 6-min walking test (WMD 85.76 m, 95% CI [63.43–108.09], p < 0.00001; WMD 41.92 m, 95% CI [8.06–75.75], p = 0.02, respectively) and median version of STS test (WMD 4.30 repetitions, 95% CI [1.22–7.39], p = 0.006; WMD 2.60 repetitions, 95% CI [0.64–4.56], p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions: Regular resistance training with a moderate to high intensity may lead to improvement in muscle mass and muscle strength of patients undergoing dialysis, especially for the trained muscles. Both aerobic training and resistance training may help dialysis patients improve physical performance.