An all redox flow lithium battery with strikingly high energy density is successfully demonstrated.

Reversible chemical delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO(4) was successfully demonstrated using ferrocene derivatives, based on which a novel energy storage system--the redox flow lithium-ion battery (RFLB), was devised by integrating the operation flexibility of a redox flow battery and high energy density of a lithium-ion battery. Distinct from the recent semi-solid lithium rechargeable flow battery, the energy storage materials of RFLB stored in separate energy tanks remain stationary upon operation, giving us a fresh perspective on building large-scale energy storage systems with higher energy density and improved safety.

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The introduction of Prussian blue (PB), an inexpensive pigment material, elegantly breaks the solubility limit of the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4À/3À electrolyte, and substantially boosts the capacity via an off-electrode chemical reaction. In the reversible redoxtargeting reaction cycles, PB acts as the energy reservoir, while [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4À/3À plays a role in mediating the reactions between the electrode and storage tank. The volumetric capacity surpasses other reported [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4À/3À -based and most other organic aqueous redox flow batteries.

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