As a key technology of Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT), underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have attracted considerable attentions from both academia and industry. Due to specific characteristics of UWSNs, such as high latency, high mobility and low bandwidth, it is challenging to design routing protocols for three-dimensional (3D) UASNs. In order to address these challenges, here we propose a game theoretic routing protocol (GTRP) for 3D UASNs. Firstly, the GTRP defines a forwarding area making the nodes closer to the destination inclined to forward. Then, it estimates the node degree in the forwarding area without broadcasting prior message periodically. Thirdly, GTRP regards the forwarding process as a game. The number of participants in the game is the node degree information in the forwarding area, instead of the number of actual neighbors. To test the effectiveness of the proposed GTRP, we implement it and evaluate its performance in the Aqua-sim. The extensive simulations results indicate that GTRP significantly outperforms some existing protocols used for comparison, in terms of the number of received packets, the packet delivery fraction, and the end-to-end delay.

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A Stable Ant-based Routing Protocol (SARP) for Flying Ad Hoc Networks is proposed in this paper. SARP is based on the Ant Colony Optimization meta-heuristic, which selects the next hop node according the stable value, pheromone and the energy of the link. The stable value is calculated by the transmission range of the node and the distance between the current node and the next hop nodes. SARP let the nodes broadcast HELLO messages periodically to obtain the neighbor information. We describe SARP, implement it and evaluate its performance using NS-2 network simulator. Simulation results reveal that SARP achieves better performance in terms of the packet delivery fraction, throughput and normalized routing load, which is respectively compared with AODV.

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