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Language confusion is a frequent cause of pilot error. Although English was made the common language of world aviation in 1951, miscommunication and crashes in which communication was a contributing factor are common. Standard phrases used by air traffic controllers in the United States contain numerous confusing elements. These include ambiguities, misnomers and illogicalities. Phrases are not derivations of a master plan as they should be. The inability of English to express specific directions to pilots without confusion disqualifies it as a language for permanent use by aviation.

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In every state, numerous persons in the law enforcement community were most helpful in sharing their knowledge of how the various zero tolerance laws were being enforced and their views about the viability of the law. These collaborators are much too numerous to acknowledge individually, but they have our most sincere thanks. In Florida, Roger Doherty, DUI Program Coordinator in the State Safety Office, was most helpful in sharing information about state level activities supporting the implementation of the new law and pointing us towards others who assisted us in the project. Rafael Madrigal, Chief of the Bureau of Administrative Reviews, Division of Driver Licenses, and his colleague Stacy Hall Wofford, provided invaluable insight into the operational implications of implementing the administrative suspensions associated with Florida's zero tolerance law. They also provided valuable data about the volume of license action activity emanating from the implementation of the new law. Richard Zeller of the Florida Highway Patrol, Office of Program Planning, graciously provided traffic crash data for use in our analyses. In Maine, Richard Perkins, Director of the Bureau of Highway Safety, provided vital information about the history of zero tolerance laws in Maine and efforts to increase public awareness. Robert O'Connell of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles offered valuable insights as to the workings of the administrative revocation process and provided data about the volume of activity. Crash data were gathered and forwarded to us by Ron Emery of the Maine Department of Transportation. Additional data were provided through the Highway Safety Information System of the Federal Highway Administration through the good auspices of Forrest Council of the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. In Oregon, our principal contact in the Transportation Safety Division was Debra Downey-Gilmour. She offered information about the history of the law and efforts to increase public awareness of it. Barrie Jones, Ph.D. of the Oregon Transportation Department Research Group provided guidance and access to relevant data files. Sylvia Vogel also of the Department of Transportation, provided copies of crash data sets for analysis. Captain Charles Hayes with the Oregon State Police was most helpful in providing insight into enforcement procedures and data about enforcement operations. In Texas, Susan Bryant and John McKay of the Traffic Safety Section of the Texas Department of Transportation, guided us towards an understanding of Texas' Zero Tolerance law and efforts to raise public awareness of it as well as to persons who were knowledgeable about its administration. These included