The primary cause of tooth loss in the industrialized world is periodontitis, a bacterial anaerobic infection whose pathogenesis is characterized by composite immune response. At present, the diagnose of periodontitis is made by a complete status check of the patient’s periodontal health; full-mouth plaque score, full-mouth bleeding score, probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, recessions, mobility, and migration are evaluated in order to provides a clear picture of the periodontal conditions of a single patient. Chair-side diagnostic tests based on whole saliva could be routinely used by periodontists for a very early diagnosis of periodontitis, monitoring, prognosis, and management of periodontal patients by biomarker detection, whose diagnostic validity is related to sensitivity and specificity. Recent paper reviews and meta-analyses have focused on five promising host derived biomarkers as candidate for early diagnosis of periodontitis: MMP-8 (Metalloproteinase-8), MIP-1α (Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha), IL-1 β (Interleukin-1 beta), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and HB (Hemoglobin), and their combinations. Chair-side Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology may soon become an important part of efforts to detect such biomarkers in saliva medium to improve worldwide periodontal health in developed nations as well as in underserved communities and poor countries. Their applications in preventive and predictive medicine is now fundamental, and is aimed at the early detection of risk factors or the presence or evolution of the disease, and in personalized medicine, which aims to identify tailor-made treatments for individual patients. The aim of the present paper is to be informative about host derived periodontal biomarkers and, in particular, we intend to report information about the most important immune response derived biomarkers and Hemoglobin as candidates to be routinely utilized in order to obtain a chair-side early diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Objective The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the influence of antibiotics on the development of alveolitis after tooth extractions. Materials and Methods The study population consisted of patients who had erupted tooth extractions in 3 centers. The patients’ medical records were collected for several parameters. Moreover, use of antibiotics was evaluated. The primary outcome was the development of alveolitis during the postoperative period. The secondary outcome measure was the possible associations between alveolitis and other patients’ characteristics. Results A total of 1579 patient charts were screened. The patients enrolled in the study were 418 (159 males and 259 females). Alveolitis was reported for 12 extraction sites (2.87%). Six were in the group of patients that received antibiotics (2.14% out of 280 patients treated with antibiotics), and six were in the group of patients that did not receive antibiotics (4.35% out of 138 patients not receiving antibiotics). None of patient‐level parameters showed any significant association with the development of alveolitis. Conclusion In conclusion, this study showed that the use of antibiotics after erupted tooth extractions is not useful in preventing alveolitis. Larger, prospective, and randomized studies are needed before incorporating these findings into the daily clinical practice.

The dimensional loss in postextraction sockets grafted with anorganic bovine bone substitute and covered by a resorbable collagen barrier was lower than that of the naturally healing sites. However, ridge preservation was able to maintain almost 80% of the pristine bone.

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Grafting of the sockets with DBBM and a resorbable barrier insertion seemed to reduce negative osseous remodeling in the short term when compared to that of the ungrafted sockets.