No abstract

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks cause devastating effects on the web services and hence harm the digital availability. The DDoS attackers use vulnerabilities exposed through new networking technologies like wireless, mobile, IoT, and associated protocol weaknesses for bringing down the networks and servers.Owing to availability of easily available tools and botnet armies, the DDoS attack incidences in the internet world are increasing day by day. Several techniques have been proposed by the researchers against DDoS attacks. This paper concentrates on the utilization of one of the latest and most promising technologies, that is, blockchain technology against DDoS attacks. The blockchain technology is rapidly finding use in various applications ranging from financial to gaming; this is because of its stable, decentralized, and secure architecture. The DDoS solutions based on blockchain are still in infancy and some solutions provide only architectural details without bothering about the implementation details. This paper presents a study of the blockchain-based DDoS solutions. It also compares the existing blockchain-based techniques against DDoS attacks and analyses them. This paper facilitates the development of future research proposals in this emerging area of blockchain technology. K E Y W O R D S blockchain, communication security, Denial of Service, Distributed Denial of Service, Ethereum blockchain, public blockchain, smart contract 1 Security Privacy. 2020;3:e96.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/spy2

No abstract

Based on the selective reactivity of the compounds containing the ferroin grouping

A facile solution‐based one‐step synthetic approach has been employed for an easy introduction of Nitrogen (N) into SnO2 lattice under the mild condition for a cocatalyst free hydrogen generation by photocatalytic water splitting. The crystal structure and morphology of synthesized N doped SnO2 nanoparticles were confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques. Analysis by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy confirms that 4.6 % N was present in SnO2 lattice, while broadband observed in the Raman spectrum reveals the presence of oxygen vacancies and disordered structure due to N‐doping. The nanoparticles exhibit high surface area (139.7 m2/g) and bandgap close to 3.45 eV as deduced from Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) measurement and Diffuse reflectance spectroscopic technique, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of the nanoparticles was evaluated by water splitting reaction for hydrogen generation using a photochemical reactor consisting of a Xenon lamp and was performed using different scavengers. It was found that out of various scavengers, maximum hydrogen yield, i. e., 169 μmol/g was achieved by N doped SnO2 nanoparticles with methanol and the order of scavengers for hydrogen generation using N doped SnO2 nanoparticles is Methanol>EDTA>TEOA.