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Widyaratne, G. P. and Zijlstra, R. T. 2007. Nutritional value of wheat and corn distiller's dried grain with solubles: Digestibility and digestible contents of energy, amino acids and phosphorus, nutrient excretion and growth performance of grower-finisher pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87: [103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) samples derived from corn, wheat and a wheat/corn blend (4:1). Specifically, the digestibility and digestible contents of energy, amino acids (AA) and P, N and P excretion, and growth performance were determined in grower-finisher pigs. In exp. 1, 12 ileal cannulated barrows (64.6 ± 6.4 kg) had restricted access (2.6 × maintenance) to a wheat-control diet or one of three diets containing 40% DDGS sample of corn, wheat or wheat/corn origin that replaced wheat. For energy, apparent total tract digestibility was highest for wheat (85%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among the DDGS samples (77 to 79%; P > 0.10). Total tract digestible energy (DE) was higher for corn DDGS (4292 kcal kg -1 DM; P < 0.05) than wheat/corn DDGS, wheat DDGS and wheat samples (4038, 4019 and 3807). For lysine, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was highest for wheat (71%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS samples (59 to 63%; P > 0.10). The AID lysine content was highest for corn DDGS (0.51% DM; P < 0.05), intermediate for wheat/corn DDGS and wheat DDGS (0.45 and 0.42), and lowest for wheat (0.37%). For P, total tract digestibility was lowest for wheat (15%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS samples (53 to 56%; P > 0.10). Total N excretion was highest for wheat/corn DDGS and wheat DDGS (55 and 58 g d -1 ; P < 0.05), intermediate for corn DDGS (44) and lowest for wheat (36). Total P excretion did not differ among DDGS (11 g d -1 ) and was lowest for wheat (8; P < 0.05). In exp. 2, 100 pigs (52.0 ± 3.3 kg) were fed a wheat-pea control diet or one of three diets containing 25% of the three DDGS samples (3.375 Mcal DE kg -1 ; 2.50 g SID lysine Mcal -1 DE) for 5 wk. Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and daily gain (ADG) were higher for pigs fed the wheat control diet than the DDGS-containing diets (P < 0.05), but feed efficiency did not differ (P > 0.10). In summary, the digestible nutrient content of wheat DDGS is lower than corn DDGS and higher than wheat. Following pre-characterization of digestible nutrient profile, feeding DDGS reduced growth performance indicating that further research is required to improve the nutritional value of DDGS. . Plus précisément, ils ont quantifié la digestibilité et la fraction digestible de l'énergie, des acides aminés et du P, l'excrétion de N et de P, ainsi que le taux de croissance de porcs d'engrais-finition. Dans la première expérience, 12 castrats canulés à l'iléon (64,6 ± 6,4 kg) ont eut un accès limité (2,6 × ration d'entretien) à une ration témoin à base de blé ou à l'une de trois rations renfermant 40 % de DDES de maïs, de blé ou...

Sustained price increases for traditional cereal grain and protein meal feed commodities have forced the pork industry to consider the dietary inclusion of alternative feedstuffs. Crop seed may serve as feedstuffs but their demand as feedstock for human food, biofuel, and bioindustrial products has increased. Together with these products, coproducts such as distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat millrun, and canola meal are produced. As omnivores, pigs are ideally suited to convert these non-human-edible coproducts into high-quality food animal protein. Therefore, coproducts and other low-cost alternative feedstuffs such as pulses and oilseeds can be included in pig diets to reduce feed cost per metric ton of feed. However, inclusion of alternative feedstuffs in pig diets does not necessarily reduce feed cost per kilogram of gain. Therefore, the use of novel and existing feedstuffs in pig diets must be optimized following their characterization for energy and AA profile. Alternative feedstuffs generally have a high content of at least 1 of the following antinutritional factors (ANF): fiber, tannins, glucosinolates, and heat-labile trypsin inhibitors. Several methods can optimize nutrient use of pigs fed alternative feedstuffs by reducing effects of their ANF. These methods include 1) particle size reduction to increase nutrient digestibility, 2) dehulling or scarification to reduce tannin and fiber content of pulses and oilseeds, 3) air classification to create fractions that have a greater content of nutrients and lower content of ANF than the feedstock, 4) heat treatments such as extrusion, toasting, roasting, and micronization to reduce heat-labile ANF, 5) dietary supplementation with fiber-degrading enzymes or predigestion of fibrous feedstuffs or diets with fiber-degrading enzymes to increase dietary nutrient availability, and 6) formulation of diets based on bioavailable AA coefficients. In conclusion, the feeding of alternative ingredients may reduce feed cost per unit of pork produced provided that their price per unit NE or digestible lysine is less than that of the traditional feedstuffs and that negative effects of their ANF are controlled.

Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) sources, respectively. A control diet containing 14% cornstarch was formulated. A 7% guar gum, a 7% cellulose, and a 7% guar gum + 7% cellulose diet were formulated by adding the NSP to the control diet at the expense of cornstarch (wt/wt), forming a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The objectives were to determine whether guar gum and cellulose altered 1) the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine and total tract; 2) the digestibility of energy and CP, characteristics of the digesta, and microbial populations in the ileum; 3) plasma glucose and ghrelin concentrations; and 4) short-term voluntary feed intake and growth performance of grower pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (27.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fitted with an ileal T-cannula and were used in a 2-period change-over design, providing 6 observations per diet. Each period included 18 d: a 12-d acclimation period followed by 2-d feces, 3-d digesta, and 1-d venous blood collection periods. In Exp. 1, guar gum and cellulose slowed the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine by 26 and 18%, respectively (P < 0.05). Guar gum increased total tract retention time of the digesta by 14% (P < 0.05). Guar gum and cellulose increased the viscosity of ileal digesta by 72 and 76%, respectively (P < 0.05). Cellulose reduced ileal energy and CP digestibility (P < 0.05), but guar gum only tended to decrease ileal energy digestibility (P < 0.10). Guar gum and cellulose reduced total tract energy and CP digestibility (P < 0.05). At 60 min after feeding, guar gum decreased plasma glucose by 10% (P < 0.10). Guar gum interacted with cellulose to reduce plasma ghrelin before and after feeding (P < 0.05). Guar gum and cellulose interacted to increase ileal bifidobacteria and enterobacteria (P < 0.05); however, guar gum, but not cellulose, increased ileal clostridia (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed grower pigs (5 pigs per diet) had free access to the 4 diets used in Exp. 1 for 14 d. Guar gum and cellulose decreased ADG and reduced ADFI on d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05). In summary, increasing purified NSP in the diet reduced the passage rate of digesta, energy and protein digestibility, and feed intake, but increased ileal bifidobacteria and enterobacteria populations. The effects of cellulose were similar to those of guar gum. In conclusion, monitoring of dietary NSP is a critical factor to achieve predictable digestible nutrient intake and intestinal bacterial populations.

Reduction of postnatal morbidity and mortality of mammalian neonates poses a significant challenge to agricultural and medical sciences. Because nutritional insufficiency and diarrhea represent major stressors, an understanding of factors mediating postnatal growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract is essential. This review explores the role that milkborne growth factors may play in stimulating functional development of the neonatal intestine, with emphasis on the porcine, bovine, and ovine species. Studies reporting milk concentrations and intestinal effects are reviewed, with emphasis on epidermal growth factor, insulin, and the insulin-like growth factors. Collectively, these studies suggest that milkborne growth factors may provide important regulatory signals to the neonatal intestine under both normal and pathophysiological states.