Blumlein discharge circuit stores electrical energy in its transmission line and can release this energy within a few nanoseconds. This leads the Blumlein to discharge circuit for many applications ranging from electrical discharge in the air to generate nitrogen laser, excitation source for vapor lasers to sub-nanosecond avalanche drivers. In this letter, we have simulated the equivalent Blumlein discharge circuit in Multisimulation and compared the results with the analytical model to have the insight of variations of voltage, current and power in the Blumlein circuit. The Blumlein circuit is divided into spark gap (spark gap) and Blumlein transmission line sections to observe the voltage, current and power oscillations. The rapid oscillations of voltage across the spark gap initiate the discharge in the long transmission lines of Blumlein that generates the coherent UV pulses. This study could pave the way towards the generation of ultraviolet (UV) pulses in the air at the atmospheric pressure.

Objective: This study was to assess the common withdrawal effects of drugs among addicted population in rehabilitation. Study Design: Cross Sectional Survey. Setting: Different Rehabilitation Centers Located Across the City, Karachi. Period: December 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: 400 filled questionnaires were obtained from randomly selected subjects (addicted persons). Results: The results of the study showed, most drugs abused age group is 20-40 year i.e. 71.6%, 13-19 year 18.7%, and 9.7% for population above 40 years of age. Most abused drugs found 34.8%, 26.8%, 9.6% 6.7% for cannabis, tobacco, heroin, and morphine accordingly. n=188 (47%) of patients had adaptive response towards treatment in rehabilitation while n=60 (15%) shows negative and aggressive behaviors. n=60 (15%) patients found guilty of drugs abused while n= 180 45% found it pleasurable. Conclusions: A persistent, safe and evidence-based practices is required in management of drugs abuse among the addicted patients to avoid the risk factors.

This work aims to a detailed description of the development of a prototype Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) nitrogen laser and its high-tension electrical pump source, along with its application study of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The high-tension pump source is designed and simulated by using NI Multisim to study the voltage behavior at different points. The high-tension pump source is constructed using the flyback transformer. The open-air laser cavity is designed and simulated by using Zemax Optic Studio. Blumlein transmission line equivalent of nitrogen laser is designed in NI Multisim, voltage and current behavior across laser cavity and spark gap are simulated. The air is used as a lasing medium, as it contains 78% molecular nitrogen. The L-shaped electrodes are used as a cavity in the construction of this N 2 laser system. An ignition system in the form of the low inductance spark gap is built using the two bolts. Generally, the current passes through gas either by transverse or longitudinal discharge; in this work, the transverse discharge technique is used. Nitrogen laser produces a beam with a center wavelength of 337.1nm. Laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of the Pyranine is taken which shows its fluorescence in the green region with a maximum peak at the wavelength of 567.5nm. Pyranine is made up of a mixture of C 16 H 7 Na 3 O 10 S 3 so some other peaks can also be seen in the fluorescence spectrum with low intensity.