RACHELWEISSBROD AbstractThe underlying assumption of this article is that explicitation in translation is not, äs previous research has suggested, solely a universal tendency or a function of the position of the languages involved in the act of translation on a literacy/orality scale. It is norm-dependent and thus changes with historical circumstances and according to the Position of translated literature within the target-culture.In the present article, translations of prose-fiction from English to Hebrew published during the 1960s and 1970s serve äs a casestudy for the examination of explicitation from the perspective suggested above. These two decades form a dynamic period in the history of literary translation into Hebrew. The different attitudes to explicitation and the changes that took place in them during these years were marked, and they corresponded to general processes of change in translated literature in Hebrew. I have chosen to focus on translations from English because they occupied a central place in translated literature in those years, äs Israeli culture became more and more involved with Western, and especially American culture. L Exßlicitation in translationExplicitation in translation means turning the implicit (in the source-text) into the explicit (in the translation). This may be performed in various ways: by replacing pronouns with proper nouns; by turning metaphors into similes thereby exposing the act of comparison; and, on the syntactical level, by filling in ellipses and adding conjunctions.The tendency to explicitate is very common in translation. It was recognized in research carried out in the fields of translation, linguistics and communication, for example by Levenston (1985), Blum-Kulka (1986), Zellermayer (1987, Ben-Ari (1988: 65-68). Once recognized, researchers attempted to explain its nature and usage.

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This article examines transfer as a mechanism which applies to translation and other phenomena. The foundations for a theory of transfer were laid down by Roman Jakobson, whose ideas were further developed by Itamar Even-Zohar. Even-Zohar defined transfer as the re-creation in cultural system A of a text or a model originating in system B, whether in the same macro-system or not. Aside from translation in the narrow sense, transfer includes the remaking of films, adaptation of literary works for a new audience (e.g., children), rewriting them in nonverbal semiotic symbols, etc. All these forms of transfer can be described and explained with the help of theoretical concepts and assumptions used in translation research. This article aims to map the forms of transfer implied by Even-Zohar's definition and illustrate them, using examples from Israeli and other cultures. This article ends by the discussion of the question of the relation between the transfer theory applied and post-modern ideas.

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