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Land-use change has an impact on growing physical flood vulnerability. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches are increasingly being used for flood vulnerability assessments. However, none has used timeseries land cover data for evaluation and rainfall over various return periods for prediction simultaneously, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and predict physical flood vulnerability using time-series land cover data and rainfall data over various return periods. Eight criteria were considered in the assessment: elevation, topographic wetness index, slope, distance to the river, distance downstream, soil type, rainfall, and land cover. The criteria weights were determined using the AHP method based on expert judgment. The multi-criteria model was built and validated using flood inundation data. Based on the validated model, the effect of land cover changes on flood vulnerability was evaluated. The flood vulnerability changes were also predicted based on rainfall over various return periods. The evaluation and prediction models have shown reliable findings. The criterion elevation and distance to the river significantly influenced the physical flood vulnerability by 41% and 20%. The evaluation model showed a strong correlation between the built-up area and the area with high flood vulnerability (r 2 = 0.96). Furthermore, the model predicted an inundation area expansion for rainfall over various return periods. Further research using spatial data with higher resolution and more advanced validation techniques is needed to improve the model accuracy.

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Each year, about 1.3 million children under 5 years die from acute respiratory infections worldwide. ARI constitute one third of the deaths in under five in low income countries. The World Health Organization estimates that respiratory infections account for 6% of the total global burden of disease. This study aimed to determine factors affecting the incidence of acute respiratory tract infection in children at Betungan Community Health Center, Bengkulu. Subjects and Method: This was cross sectional study conducted at Betungan community health center from Juny to July 2019. Total of 109 children under five were selected for this study by accidental sampling. The dependent variabel was incidence of acute respiratory tract infection. The independent variables were age, maternal education, occupation, smoking, room ventilation, floor condition, occupant density, and wall condition. Data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: As many as 25 (44.6%) children aged 0 to 23 month had ARI. 32 (55.2%) of the sample were male and 27 (52.9%) female. 27 (56.3%) parents of the children attained senior high school. The incidence of ARI in children decreased with absence of smoking habit (OR= 0.24; p= 0.001), good room ventilation (OR= 0.28; p=0.003), and low occupant density (OR= 0.28; p=0.002). Conclusion:Incidence of ARI in children decreases with absence of smoking habit, good room ventilation, and low occupant density.

Concerns for the high concentration of particulates in the ambient air of Jakarta had been associated with respiratory health effects. Accordingly, the high concentration of indoor air particulate in homes was also recognized as a potential health hazard to the household. This paper was based on findings in a cross-sectional study in homes of a village, Jakarta done for a dissertation of a doctoral degree in Public Health. In relation to health aspect, ventilation effectiveness was more predicted by the variation of indoor particulates concentrations (as PM 10 ) than the physical characteristic of the houses. Besides, respiratory symptoms rates among children under-five were positively associated to PM 10 concentrations. Except for the house dampness factor, no physical features of the houses such as sizes of windows, rooms, and the like, contributed to the variability of health of the occupants. This research suggested that PM 10 concentration was a better indicator for a healthy house than the physical characteristics of the house. As such, the most sensitive and specific level of PM 10 concentration to predict the development of respiratory symptoms was 70g/m 3 . This cutoff concentration of PM 10 agreed with the guideline value set on the level of 70g/m 3 for the thoracic particles by the World Health Organization. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 237-41) Keywords: respiratory symptoms, overcrowding, children under-five, PM 10 concentration of 70 g/m 3 , physical factors of houses.

Preliminary research in 2012 indicated that the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) among children under-five in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province, Indonesia, was related to the high concentration of indoor PM10 from the burning of wood on simple stoves in traditional huts (Ume Kbubu). Out of the data obtained, a CEGs action research was done in 2013. Smoke produced from wood burning stoves inside the Ume Kbubu tends to flow up higher into the air in the confined room of the traditional huts. An application of partition and chimney upon the stoves was expected to drive the smoke to the upper part of the hut to mitigate the exposure to indoor smoke pollution for the inhabitants of the huts. Engaging the local community, an action-research using an observational cross-sectional data collection was done in 3 Sub-districts of Nunkolo, Oinlasi, and Kuanfatu, District of Timor Tengah Selatan, NTT. The action-research combined the use of a questionnaire, the measurement of the level of indoor air pollution by examining the PM10 and CO concentrations, the delivery of a general health education program, and the application of a room-partition and a chimney in each of Ume Kbubu selected. A higher concentration of PM10 (9.69 ± 8.8 ppm) was found inside the traditional huts at the height of 1½ meter as compared to 4.39 ± 5.82 ppm at the height of ½ meter examination points. This a sign that the smoke tends to concentrate on the higher level within a room. A significant health risks level of CO (86.2 ± 53.42 ppm) were also found. By driving the smoke through the application of partition and chimney upon the stove in the traditional huts, the research found a prospectively effective measure to control indoor air pollution in reducing the exposure of the inhabitants from smoke in the traditional huts. From the questionnaire, it was found that water collection was also a burden for the household members. The application of chimney and room-partition gave a promising improvement in the effort to mitigate the exposure of the inhabitant from the indoor air pollution in the traditional huts of Timor Tengah Selatan.Keywords: ARI; indoor-air pollution; PM10; wood smoke; traditional huts IntroductionARI was one of the leading causes of deaths among children under five in developing countries. Many types of research related ARI with air contaminants. A continuous supply of ten to twenty cubic meters of air of acceptable quality was essential and fundamental for human life (WHO, 2010). Meanwhile, around two million people worldwide die each year from ARI due to the use of traditional biomass and coal stoves. This includes 1 million deaths in children under the age of five (WHO-UNICEF, 2004). The figures of this situation in the developing countries might even be more significantly appalling considering that the daily lives of people in these countries were still below the reasonably accepted standard of living in other parts of the world. This assumption could be seen in remote areas in Indonesia where social and e...