Animal models demonstrating skeletal muscle (SM) disorders are rarely investigated, although these disorders accompany liver disorders and can occur during prolonged exercise/training. In cases of SM disorders exogenous antioxidants, such as melatonin, could help by generally improving tissues antioxidant capacities. We aimed to analyze the potential of melatonin in preventing biochemical and structural changes in rat biceps muscle (BM) occurring after an acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Biceps muscles obtained from male Wistar rats belonging to different experimental groups were biochemically (determination of tissue MDA, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, CAT, SOD and GPx activities) and pathologically analyzed. Also, serum levels of potassium, LHD and CK were analyzed in all experimental animals. The obtained results were statically compared with those from vehicle-treated control group. The applied melatonin prevented potassium and intracellular enzyme leakage (CK and LDH) that was induced by CCl4, as well as an increase in tissue MDA. From a panel of determined oxidative stress parameters melatonin was able to statistically significantly prevent changes in total antioxidative capacity and in CAT, SOD and GPx activities induced by CCl4. Microscopic analysis of BM from the animals exposed to CCl4 revealed significant muscle fiber disorganization and massive inflammatory cell infiltration. All these changes were significantly ameliorated in the group that received melatonin prior to CCl4. Changes in serum and tissue biochemical parameters accompanied the observed pathological changes, which demonstrated a significant influence of melatonin in preventing skeletal muscle damage induced by CCl4.

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Sažetak: Svedoci smo vremena kada pandemija COVID-19 svojim prisustvom utiče na svakodnevni život pojedinca, time i na sport kao aktivnost ili delatnost kojom se ljudi bave. Međutim, iako su se brojni autori bavili problematikom COVID-19 sa aspekta sporta, imajući u vidu činjenicu da je sport kompleksan fenomen, ostavljeno je dosta prostora za dalja istraživanja o njihovoj povezanosti, odnosno uticaju COVID-19 na sport. U ovom istraživanju eksplorativnog karaktera, s obzirom da se odvija u uslovima aktuelne pandemije, u realnom vremenu, primenjena je deskriptivna, pretežno kvalitativna i kritička analiza sadržaja javno dostupnih, zvaničnih i objavljenih podataka i naučnih radova, kojima se na jasan način mogao ostvariti formulisani cilj istraživanja. Aktuelnost teme je neupitna i diktira je stvarnost u kojoj živimo. Predmet ovog istraživanja se upravo odnosi na uticaj COVID-19 na budućnost sporta, njegovu održivost razvoja, tj. oporavka. Cilj istraživanja predstavlja sveobuhvatno sagledavanje i razumevanje problema i dimenzija aktuelne pandemije COVID-19 u funkciji održivog razvoja sporta. Polazeći od predmeta i cilja istraživanja definisana su istraživačka pitanja, pri čemu se došlo do rezultata istraživanja koji ukazuju da je perspektiva školskog i vrhunskog sporta i uz napore resornih udruženja na zabrinjavajućem nivou, dok je segment rekreativnog sporta moguće održati na istom nivou uz preorijentaciju i usmerenost na bavljenje aktivnostima na otvorenom prostoru. Za sada nije uočeno da su strategije razvoja sporta redefinisane. Donešen je određen broj uredbi, preporuka i sl. što navodi da se u ovom momentu još uvek razmišlja o COVID-19, kao prolaznom problemu, gde bi se nakon završetka pandemije vratilo već postojećim strategijama razvoja i održivosti.

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Continuous improvement of practical and theoretical knowledge represents the basis for further cognitive paradigm and innovations leading to new, more e cient practice in athletics. e need for a rmation of knowledge (everything we know) stimulates the process of acquiring knowledge about a human in this sports discipline (ontological context) including knowledge based on scienti c-research work (methodological context). It is a fact that application of the scienti c method has led to new knowledge in favour of athletic practice and to establishment of new cognitive horizons in studying the scope of human sports performances. e source of knowledge is athletic theory and practice. At the same time they are the starting point for studying dynamics of human performances manifested through various athletic disciplines. For a number of analysers, results achieved on big athletic competitions provoked a discussion about platforms and '' conservation'' of human abilities, whereas for the others it was a starting point for inquiry about the nal reach of knowledge about human athletic being (gnoseological context). e origin of knowledge about the athletic being of humans dates back to the ancient philosophy of Plato and Socrates. us it can be claimed that the source of knowledge is as old as discussions about nature of change of a human being under the in uence of exercising. In this study athletics is presented through the space of knowledge (subject of the study) integrating primordial and scienti c with the outcome such as new and e cient training and competition practice.