BACKGROUND Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin found in milk as a result of the ingestion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by dairy cattle. Because of its carcinogenic properties, the control of its occurrence in dairy products is of great importance. We evaluated the occurrence and seasonality of AFM1 in milk from farms with subtropical and temperate climates, where significant milk production occurs. Forty samples of raw milk were collected from bulk tansk milk during the summer (five samples from a subtropical climate and 14 from a temperate climate) and winter (six samples from a subtropical climate and 15 from a temperate climate) months of 2017 and conducted an analysis using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (detection limit 5 ng L−1). Data from eight random samples were compared with respect to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and ELISA. A significant correlation was observed. RESULTS The presence of AFM1 was detected in 87.50% (n = 35) of the samples analyzed (a mean of 16.66 ng L−1 and a median of 12.42 ng L−1 in positive samples); however, its concentration in all samples was below the maximum limit allowed by European (50 ng L−1) and Brazilian (500 ng L−1) legislations. There were no significant differences in the levels of AFM1 between the properties located in the two climate zones, in both summer and winter. The estimated daily intake of AFM1 based on the milk analyzed was 0.0107 ng kg−1 day−1 for adolescents, 0.0072 ng kg−1 day−1 for adults and 0.0098 ng kg−1 day−1 for the elderly. CONCLUSION The present work demonstrated a low exposure to AFM1. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

The demand for functional foods has increased in recent years, following a market trend in which the consumer values foods associated with health improvements. Skim milk yogurts were produced with yeast β-glucan (YBG, 0.5 and 1.0 %) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and compared with full fat (FFY) and skim milk (SMY) yogurt as controls. The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, color, syneresis, culture starter count, textural, microstructure and sensory attributes. Yeast β-glucan was not able to retain the serum of yogurts during cold storage. Skim yogurt firmness increased with the addition of 0.5% yeast β-glucan, presenting a more compact microstructure. Yogurts containing yeast β-glucan had low scores by the untrained panelists in the sensorial analysis (0.5% YBG overall acceptance 5.2, FFY 6.8, SY 6.3) and low purchase intention. Thus, although similar characteristics were observed, low scores in the sensorial analysis and purchase intention were a barrier to commercializing skim milk yogurt with yeast β-glucan developed in the present study. RESUMO:A demanda por produtos funcionais tem aumentado recentemente, seguindo um padrão no qual os consumidores valorizam os alimentos que são associados a melhoria da saúde. Iogurte desnatado foi produzido com β-glucana extraída de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e comparado com iogurte integral e iogurte desnatado. O iogurte desnatado contendo β-glucana não reteve soro durante a estocagem refrigerada. A firmeza do produto aumentou com a adição de 0,5% de β-glucana e sua microestrutura foi mais compacta. Iogurtes contendo β-glucana apresentaram menor escore na análise sensorial. Assim, embora características semelhantes tenham sido observadas, os baixos escores da análise sensorial são uma barreira para a comercialização de iogurte desnatado contendo β-glucana produzido no presente estudo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Produtos lácteos sem gordura. Polissacarídeos. Desenvolvimento de alimentos. Sinérese. Micrografia.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of compaction degree and particle size on the presence of mycotoxins and the bromatological composition of corn silages. Samples from 47 silos with forage corn silage were collected from the northern region of Paraná State, Brazil. The bromatological composition and concentration of mycotoxin in silages were analyzed according to both the compaction degree (600 kg.m-3 and 700 kg.m-3) and particle size. Mycotoxins were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and test results were considered positive when the mycotoxin concentration was above the detection limit of 100 µg.kg-1 for deoxynivalenol, 2.5 µg.kg-1 for aflatoxin, 5 µg.kg-1 for zearalenone, and 200 µg.kg-1 for fumonisin. Silages with 600 kg.m-3 compaction degree had higher initial and final pH than silages with a higher compaction degree. Silage with a mean particle size less than or equal to 14.56 mm had 12% higher dry matter content than silage with a mean particle size more than 14.56 mm. There was no effect of the compaction degree or particle size on the concentration of mycotoxin, and 83% of the analyzed samples had contamination above the detection limits according to at least one of the studied mycotoxins. Silages with smaller average particle sizes had higher dry matter content. Thus, the degree of compaction and particle size did not affect the presence of mycotoxins in corn silage