El maíz (Zea mays L.) de México presenta amplia diversidad debido a que este país es considerado como centro de origen, domesticación y diversificación de esta especie, y si bien existen estudios al respecto, la gran abundancia de tipos hace pertinente profundizar en su análisis. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la diversidad genética inter e intra-poblacional de 25 poblaciones de razas de maíz con 10 marcadores SSR. La primera coordenada principal explicó 42.11 % y la segunda 18.18 % de la variación total. Se encontró un promedio de 2.6 alelos por locus y un valor de diversidad génica de 0.44. El estadístico FST (0.427) indicó una alta diferenciación genética entre las razas de maíz (Zea mays L.). Las razas Serrano de Jalisco y Tabloncillo mostraron los índices más altos de diversidad génica (0.53). La variación inter-poblacional fue del 43 %. Las razas destinadas para usos especiales y con distribución geográfica limitada, como Comiteco (0.33) y Chalqueño (0.30), presentaron los niveles más bajos de diversidad y a su vez exhibieron graves procesos de endogamia (FIT = 0.618) y deriva genética.
No abstract
En virtud de que el estudio de la diversidad genética del maíz (Zea mays L.) en una región dada es conveniente con el fin de diseñar procedimientos para su mejor aprovechamiento, y que para estudios de diversidad entre razas se ha sugerido una serie de caracteres como apropiados, es importante determinar si las variables propuestas para evaluar material genético entre razas pueden modificarse al valorar la diversidad entre poblaciones de maíz en una región agroecológica determinada. Con este propósito, se caracterizaron 104 colectas cuantificándoles 59 caracteres morfológicos en cuatro ambientes; la mayoría de las colectas provienen del área oriental del Estado de México (Chalco-AmecamecaJuchitepec). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante; la estimación de la repetibilidad (r) que es la relación de componentes de varianza rc =[σ c2 / (σa2 + σca2)], la estructura de la matriz de correlaciones, y la variabilidad representada por cada variable en los tres primeros componentes principales. Esto permitió identificar 11 caracteres morfológicos para realizar estudios de la diversidad genética regional: días a la exposición de estigmas, altura de mazorca, proporción de olote en la mazorca, número de ramas de la panícula, diámetro de la mazorca, longitud de grano, volumen de grano, ancho de grano, número de hileras, ancho/longitud de grano y color de grano. Las estructuras reproductivas femeninas parecenser los criterios morfológicos mas importantes para la clasificación racial en maíz entre razas y dentro de razas.
Objective: To determine the evolution that native corn has had in the municipality of Juchitepec, as well as to describe and analyze the strategies that peasants families are currently implementing for its use and conservation. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was carried out with 20 peasants in the municipality of Juchitepec, chosen from a random sample obtained from the register of the Producción para el Bienestar program. Additionally, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants, in order to identify the most important issues around corn in the region. Results: An elderly population was found (=61), but with some young people working decisively in its production units. Seventy-five percent own less than 6 ha, mostly communal land property. Eighty-nine percent of the farmers interviewed continue to grow native corn. They achieve this by adapting their practices and knowledge to the soil and climate conditions of their plots, modifying, for example, the sowing date, the variety or species cultivated, and the place of cultivation. Seventeen percent grow hybrid corn. Two native varieties have recently been introduced as a strategy to obtain greater profitability: ancho and cacahuacintle. Some practices are being modified based on the equipment and the economic resources available, such as the “de dos” labor that only 50% of the farmers carry out. Eighty percent do not have agricultural equipment. The use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides is widespread. The sale of corn husks is an economically important activity. Peasants frequently exchange seeds, usually with other members of their own community. The Ozumba market represents a vitally important marketing channel for native corn. The guaranteed prices established in 2019 were low for this type of corn. Peasants are not formally organized for corn cultivation. Sixty-five percent consider themselves peasants. Study limitations/implications: The study of local agrarian systems with a focus on peasant strategies should contemplate acting under different circumstances, preferably in several work cycles, to better understand their adaptability. Findings/conclusions: Native corn survives in the region, preserved in a socio-productive system based on peasant knowledges, strategies and socio-technical practices that enable its reproduction and recreation. Peasant strategies for the cultivation and use of these corns strengthen their conservation.
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