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Ursolic acid (UA; 3b-hydroxy-12-urs-12-en-28-oic acid), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, has been known to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antinociceptive effects in various animal models. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the antihyperalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of UA at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of doses via per os (p.o.) route for 14 days in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Pain behavior in rats was evaluated before and after UA administration via mechanical and heat hyperalgesia. CCI caused significant increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxido-nitrosative stress. In addition, significant increase in myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide (NO), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels in sciatic nerve and spinal cord concomitant with mechanical and heat hyperalgesia is also noted for CCI-induced neuropathic pain. Administration of UA significantly reduced the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TOS. Further, reduced glutathione is also restored by UA. UA also showed in vitro NO and superoxide radical scavenging activity. UA has a potential in attenuating neuropathic pain behavior in CCI model which may possibly be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

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Background: During lactation, mammary epithelial cells exhibit a high metabolic rate and thus produce large amounts of ROS and lipid peroxides in vivo (Jin et al. 2014; Ganguly et al., 2016). A surplus of ROS and the absence of optimal amounts of antioxidants (which neutralize these free radicals or ROS) results in oxidative stress (Lykkesfeldt and Svendsen, 2007). A clinical study was undertaken on Bovine Mastitis in Kashmir valley to study the relation between oxidative stress and clinical mastitis. An attempt was also made to see the effect of supplementation of self-formulated anti-oxidant trace mineral mixture on recovery and prophylaxis of Bovine mastitis through amelioration of oxidative stress.Methods: The oxidative stress was assessed through estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, blood trace mineral status for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) were also assessed in mastitic animals and compared with normal healthy lactating animals. The utility of anti-oxidants in clinical management of mastitis was measured through response to treatment with trace minerals like Cu, Zn, Mn and Se in addition to conventional antibiotic therapy. Two groups of mastitic animals received two therapeutic regimens. Group I animals received antibiotics and self formulated anti-oxidant mixture at therapeutic doses while as Group II animals received only antibiotics (at same dose rate and frequency). Clinical recovery was assessed on the basis of CMT point score, milk somatic cell count and milk biochemistry. For prophylactic study, forty recently parturated lactating animals having susceptibility to occurrence of mastitis were divided into two groups of twenty animals each. One group of animals was supplemented with self-formulated anti-oxidant mixture at prophylactic doses for a period of thirty days so as to see the effect of supplementation on oxidative stress parameters and occurrence of clinical mastitis.Result: A significant decrease was found in the values of SOD, catalase, GSH and Cu, Zn, Mn and Se but a significant increase was found in the values of MDA and NO in clinical cases of mastitis as compared to healthy control group. Therapeutic regimen I proved efficacious than the therapeutic regimen II in treatment of clinical mastitis with higher recovery rates and lesser number of mean days required for recovery in group I than group II animals. The efficacy of prophylactic treatment was monitored by occurrence of mastitis during the course of therapy and one month after therapy. Group I animals did not suffer from clinical mastitis and showed considerable improvement in oxidative stress parameters, milk SCC and blood trace mineral status as compared to group II.