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Appendix 1 Water and Climate Change instruments reviewed ii LIST OF BOXES Box 1.1-Economic Cost of Climate Change in South Asia Box 1.2-Groundwater and Drought and Climate Resilience Box 2.1-The IGB aquifer has immense natural storage Box 2.2-Climate Variability and Climate Change Box 3.1-Seasonal Estimates of Irrigation Water Demand in South Asia Box 3.2-South Asia is the world's top exporter of groundwater Box 4.1-Seasonal Estimates of Irrigation Water Demand in South Asia Box 4.2-Bangladesh flooding Box 5.1-The main elements of South Asia's water resources management strategy Box 5.2-Some of the key features of IWRM Box 5.3-Possible IWRM Activities to Respond to Climate Change Box 6.1-Informing Change in the Indus Basin Box 6.2-ICIMOD and Climate Change Box 7.1-Regional cooperation is a critical element in adaptation Box 8.1-The Decision Tree Approach and application to Upper Arun Hydropower project Box 9.1-The Rufiji Basin Plan, Tanzania Box 9.2-Adaptation Options for Groundwater Box 9.3-Improving Flood preparedness Box 12.1-Improving resilience to droughts iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank

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The systematic integration of environmental flow requirements (EFR) in water resources management decision-making and policy reforms is a complex task and still a developing field, on which agreement does not yet exist, even in industrialized countries. The complexity is compounded by lack of data and weak institutional capacity. In addition, environmental flow assessments, i.e. the process of determining EFR, can be costly and may yield uncertain results with limited utility to decision-makers.This paper focuses on the evolving policy reforms and operational experiences within the World Bank to mainstream EFR into water resources management. It includes a brief discussion of the context of environmental flows in the World Bank's work, and looks at the evolution of the World Bank's policies related to the integration of environmental flow considerations in its activities. Five case studies illustrate the World Bank's varied involvement in environmental flow issues. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the integration of environmental flow considerations into water resource development and management.