ABSTRACT. Polyploidy is one of the most important mechanisms of speciation and diversification in plant evolution. Polyploidy results in genetic variation among individuals of the same species and even between populations, and may be responsible for differences in environmental tolerance between populations of the same species. This study determined chromosome numbers of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae, x = 11) for 26 populations of 14 species by conventional cytogenetic techniques. Nine species (13 populations) were diploid (2n = 2x = 22), but diploid and/or polyploid cytotypes were found in the other five species (13 populations), with 2n = 33, 2n = 44, and 2n = 55. Data on chromosome number/ploidy level for other Eugenia species/populations were collected from the literature and included in this cytogeographic analysis. For each collection point (32 species and 62 populations), environmental variables were recorded using georeferencing techniques through the DIVA-GIS v.7.5 program. Environmental variables such as temperature, altitude, rainfall, solar radiation, soil type, and vegetation were analyzed with the R program, using MannWhitney and chi-square tests, principal component analysis, and graphic analyses, such as scatterplots, boxplots, and barplot. Polyploid and diploid populations had different spatial distribution patterns and were found in areas subjected to different environmental conditions. Polyploid individuals were collected from locations with more adverse environmental conditions, usually at higher elevations than the diploid individuals. Polyploidy allows species to occur at locations with varying environmental conditions. As diploidy and polyploidy occur under different environmental conditions, species with cytotypes exhibit wide environmental tolerance.

ABSTRACT. Cytogenetic studies in Gymnothorax funebris revealed a diploid chromosome number 2n = 42 (6 metacentrics, 4 submetacentrics, and 32 acrocentrics, FN = 52). The results obtained are novel and similar to those previously described for species belonging to Muraenidae family. The conventional karyotype is also novel and divergent from other species of the genus Gymnothorax, where a higher proportion of metacentric chromosomes predominate. The data are reported and discussed considering the cytotaxonomy of the genus. These results strongly support the current view that chromosomal alterations such as centric fusion and Robertsonian's translocations have an important role in the evolution of this group.

This paper presents some brief remarks about the construction project of the Technical High School in Experimental Puelo community, located south of Chile. The research was coordinated from an intercultural experience and academic experienced by a student of architecture in Brazil and whose project adds a group of Chilean professionals from various fields and aims to meet the various local actors. In this perspective, the main objective of this proposal is to implement an experimental school ruled a transdisciplinary curriculum that has as innovative approach to education of students, contemplating, therefore, transdisciplinary and intercultural education in contrast to traditional teaching and unidisciplinary force. Transdisciplinarity allows the perception of the environment and living space as a whole, not just isolated parts. This reflection is contextualized based on the assumptions of sustainable local community through environmental education and linking it to the sphere environmental and socioeconomic variables fundamental to the creation of sustainable communities. The proposal stems from the interest of the community for their sustainable local development, the social and environmental well-being, use of materials and techniques bioconstruction and the local development perspective by external equipment. From the methodological point of view the approach is focused on participatory action research, which, combined with the demands of the local community is the basic pillar of the mentioned project. The papers are organized among community members and volunteers of the field through a project architecture design cooperative. Among the guiding principles incorporated into the project, there are the communities to develop tourism, ecological agriculture, fisheries and other key areas and themes of this comprehensive management implemented based on the concepts relevant to sustainability and environmental sciences. Preliminary results show that under a project of this magnitude, considering the recurring problems in many cities and communities today, there are many challenges to denote the holistic community in an integrated and participatory. Thus, the preparation of design school tried to accommodate different scales of analysis, from the materials (manufacturing site), to construction (cooperative architectural design, energy efficiency and green building) and urban scale (direct impact on the community and the context associated insertion), mainly because they create the seed that will have repercussions on the community in the future. Furthermore, it is evident that this practice encourages sustainable development and create a new social and environmental metabolism, leading to harmonious coexistence ecocomunidades derived from these innovative projects.

No contexto das significativas mudanças e transformações dos espaços urbanos nas últimas décadas em nível global, a instituição escolar teve de repensar sua função no âmbito da temática socioambiental. Com a necessidade de novas práticas pedagógicas que se apliquem ao cotidiano dos alunos e sua relação com o ambiente, as aulas de campo no ensino de geografia surgem como importante atividade de apoio à educação ambiental e temas relacionados à sustentabilidade. A importância dessa atividade decorre da interação entre teoria e prática, sendo esse o princípio norteador da educação de jovens que têm como desafio dar continuidade aos projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável em diversas escalas de ação. Nessa perspectiva, com base nos resultados recentes do Projeto Expedições Geográficas (UFPR/Licenciar), este artigo propõe a aplicação de uma metodologia para o planejamento e organização de aulas de campo pautada em três momentos: o pré-campo (etapa de planejamento e organização), o campo (realização da atividade) e o pós-campo (etapa de avaliação e discussão), e que resultaram no estudo de caso com alunos do Ensino Fundamental da Escola Estadual Aline Picheth, localizada em Curitiba/PR. Ao todo foram realizadas sete aulas de campo, com objetivos propostos preliminarmente, destacando-se temas como: caracterização do uso do espaço urbano, interpretação e reconhecimento dos elementos da paisagem, análise da evolução da mancha urbana por fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite, especulação imobiliária e desigualdade social, consequências dos diversos tipos de poluição, importância da manutenção de áreas verdes, inserção às geotecnologias e, por fim, discussões acerca de possíveis alternativas e soluções para as questões levantadas em campo visando o desenvolvimento sustentável do município. As seis primeiras aulas foram realizadas em Curitiba e tiveram como foco principal a abordagem do mito da "capital ecológica" e "cidade sustentável" a partir dos diversos problemas ambientais observados, desde os rios poluídos e perda de vegetação nativa até as questões ligadas ao transporte público, trânsito e formação das ilhas de calor. Já a última aula, como fechamento, foi realizada na Serra do Mar e litoral paranaense, com uma visita às comunidades tradicionais da região. As propostas elaboradas pelos alunos, registradas na apostila de campo durante a atividade e discutidas posteriormente, denotaram a rápida assimilação dos conteúdos apresentados frente à realidade vivenciada in loco, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e evidenciando a potencialidade da aula de campo como recurso didático-pedagógico auxiliar. Destaca-se, ainda, o caráter interdisciplinar da atividade e a contribuição pedagógica da mesma para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio crítico dos discentes.

ResumoEste trabalho apresenta processos de recuperação de resíduos de formaldeído e etanol gerados em laboratórios. O formaldeído com concentração desconhecida e etanol residual de teor 70 o GL foram coletados no laboratório de conservação zoológico da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados processos de destilação simples para aumentar o gráu alcoólico e recuperação de formalina. Para a recuperação de etanol, destilação fraccionada, destilação azeotrópica e destilação extractiva foram utilizados. O resíduo foi destilado a partir de solução de formalina, e o formaldeído recolhido após a destilação foi quantificado através de titulação iodométrica, que provou ser um método muito eficiente e seguro. As amostras de etanol recolhidas foram medidas utilizando um densitómetro calibrado. Verificou-se que a concentração de formaldeído no resíduo era de 1,82% p / v e na solução recuperada era de 2,65% p / v. O grau máximo obtido na recuperação de etanol foi de 91,3 o INPM. Todos os processos de destilação foram eficientes na recuperação e purificação de solventes residuais, o que resulta numa diminuição no volume de resíduos e no custo de aquisição de novos reagentes. O novo projeto para uma escala simples e maior está em andamento para recuperar maiores volumes de formaldeído. Palavras-chave: Formalina. Etanol. Destilação. Resíduos. AbstractThis work presents developing processes for the recovery formalin and ethanol residues generated in laboratories. Disposal formaldehyde in unknown concentration and ethanol residue 70 o GL were collected in the zoological conservation laboratory. A simple distillation process for the purification and recovery formalin solution was used. Concerning ethanol recovery, the fractional process distillation, azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation were used. The quantification collected formalin residue and formaldehyde solution obtained after distillation was carried out by iodometry, which was found to be a very efficient and safe method. The alcoholic content collected ethanol samples was measured by using a calibrated densitometer. The formaldehyde concentration found in the residue was 1.82% m/v and in the recovered solution it was 2.65% m/v. The maximum alcoholic content obtained in the ethanol recovery was 91,3 o INPM, from tests performed on cars, the recovered ethanol showed signs being a efficient fuel, if approved after further testing may be reused in this function, in addition to being reused by the generator laboratory. All distillation processes have proved to be efficient in the recovery and purification this residues, resulting in a decrease in the volume residue and in the cost buying new reagents. The new project a larger scale simple distiller is in progress to recover higher amounts of formalin.