Objective: The primary aim of this research was to study the molecular history of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as well as its physiological and pathological functions. Study Design: Observational study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at Hayatabad Medical Complex from December 2021 to April 2022 Methods: There were 77 patients of non-alcoholic fatty disease had age 20-65 years were presented in this study. After obtaining informed written consent details demographics were recorded. Diseases of all the patients were recorded and their relation with the FGF21 levels was observed. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze all data. Mean standard deviation was use for categorical variables. Results: There were 42 (54.5%) males and 35 (45.5%) females among all cases. Mean age of the patients was 40.11±8.74 years and had mean BMI 27.8±11.34 kg/m2. Majority of the patients 31 (40.3%) had diabetes mellitus, 24 (31.2%) cases had renal failure, 20 (25.97%) cases had cardiovascular disease, mitochondrial disease in 17 (22.1%) cases, energy metabolism disorder in 15 (19.5%), lipid metabolism disorder in 13 (16.9%) and frequency of stroke was 9 (11.7%). We found significantly increased volume of FGF21 among diabetic obese cases which were resistant to insulin with p value <0.005. Conclusion: Pathophysiological functions, potential risk factors, and diagnostic biomarkers for endocrine FGFs in adult metabolic and genetic diseases are all supported by the available evidence. Pharmaceutical research is being conducted on endocrine FGFs. These results provide insight on the pathological and physiological functions of endocrine FGFs and offer new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders. Keywords: FGF21, Lipid Metabolism, Pathaphysiology, Outcomes

OBJECTIVES The study’s objective was to assess the knowledge of primiparous mothers for exclusive breastfeeding to babies for the first six months on their first postnatal follow-up. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive was conducted at Pediatrics Department, KRL Hospital Islamabad, for six months over 100 women from October 2022 to March 2023. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from the study participants. Females with primi gravida were selected, and interviews were conducted on a specific breastfeeding awareness questionnaire. The participant with correct and incorrect responses scored 1 and 0, respectively. Participants with scores of 0-4 were regarded as having poor knowledge, 4-7 as average and 7-10 as good knowledge regarding breastfeeding. The latest SPSS version analyzed Data. RESULTSResults show that the mean age was 24 years SD ± 1.2. Forty-one per cent of mothers were illiterate, 42% had Primary education, 15% had secondary school education, and only 2 % were university educated. Fifty-nine per cent of mothers were housewives, 29% were students, and 12% were working women. Moreover, 21% of mothers had poor knowledge of breastfeeding, 12% had average knowledge of breastfeeding, and 67% had good knowledge of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION Our study concludes that the knowledge of the primiparous mothers about breastfeeding was adequate.

Objective: The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the mortality rates from coronavirus infection among healthcare workers against those in the general population. Study Design: Comparative/Retrospective study Place and Duration: Medical Unit Ward and Emergency Department, Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, July, 2021 to Dec, 2021. Methods: 190 coronavirus-infected patients of both sexes participated. 20-65-year-old patients were enrolled. All cases gave written consent for age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, and domicile. Patients were symptomatic and asymptomatic. Group A had 95 cases of general population and in group B 95 were health workers. In coronavirus ward patients were observed for recovery. Outcomes were ICU hospitalization, need of ventilation, and mortality rates were compared. We analyzed data with SPSS 20.0. Results: We found that majority of the patients among both groups were asymptomatic 55 (57.9%) in group A and 59 (62.1%) in group B. Most common comorbidities were HTN, DM and IHD. Use of preventive measures in group A 35 (36.8%) was lower as compared to group B 70 (73.75) with p value <0.003. We found that number of ICU admission 17 (17.9%), ventilation requirement 20 (21.05%) and mortality 13 (13.9%) in group A was significantly higher with p value 0.005 as compared to group B 5 (5.3%), 6 (6.3%) and 3 (3.2%). Conclusion: In this study, we found that the incidence of mortality, admissions to the intensive care unit, and the use of invasive ventilation were all much greater in the general population than they were in the health care professional group. Keywords: Ventilation, General Population, COVID-19, Mortality, ICU, Health workers

Background: Pakistan has got a very high prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI). MI presents at pretty young age in this country. The objective of present study was to determine the frequency of common risk factors associated with early development of MI in middle aged adults of less than 45 years. Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the Cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital (ATH) Abbottabad from 23rd June 2015 – 10th July 2016. A total of 255 consecutive patients diagnosed with MI admitted to the Cardiology Unit of ATH, Abbottabad. A detailed medical history and general physical examination of the patients was carried out with an emphasis on recording the presence or absence of common risk factors of MI in these patients. All routine investigations (Blood Complete Picture, Urea, Creatinine, Blood Sugar & Lipid Profile) were done. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 39.98±4.61 SD. The frequency of risk factors in descending order was smoking in (38.8%), obesity in (29.4%) and essential hypertension in (21.6%) of the patients. Other risk factors of MI in this study were diabetes mellitus (19.2%), family history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was (18.8%) and disproportionate dyslipidemias in (12.9%). Sex of patients (male predominance) was found to be significantly associated with diabetes, smoking and dyslipidemia (p<0.05). Conclusion: Male sex, smoking, hypertension and obesity confer an increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients younger than 45 years of age.