Introduction Undergraduate medical research is very important not only for scientific learning but also for career progress. However, there are barriers, especially in developing countries, that restrict undergraduate research. This study aims to evaluate the barriers experienced by medical students in conducting research at undergraduate level. Methods It was an observational, cross-sectional survey conducted with 687 clinical students of two public medical universities of Pakistan. A self-structured questionnaire consisting of seven items was administered to assess the barriers in conducting research at undergraduate level. Data was processed and analysed through SPSS v 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Lack of knowledge as a barrier was identified by 90.68% (n = 623) students. The second most common barrier identified by the students was lack of time (88.79%; n = 610), followed by lack of mentoring as the third most common barrier (85.74%; n = 572). Subgroup analysis showed that lack of knowledge, lack of mentoring, limited data base access, lack of time, and lack of finances were more crucial barriers for female gender (p < 0.05). Only lack of interest was a crucial barrier for male gender (p < 0.05). Conclusion A number of barriers need to be addressed in order to enhance students' participation in clinical research such as lack of interest, funding, and poor availability of research mentors and access to scientific databases to improve participation in clinical research. Substantial amendments in the medical undergraduate curriculum are needed.

Background and objective Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. There are various manifestations of PD. Among them, motor dysfunction has been studied in many research studies; however, few studies are available related to the dermatological manifestations of PD. This study was conducted with the aim to shed light on various skin conditions that occur in PD. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan for a period of nine months; 107 patients with PD were included after obtaining informed consent. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to record demographic data and dermatological findings. Results Among the various dermatological manifestations, patients with PD most commonly presented with seborrheic dermatitis (46.7%) and rosacea (10.2%). Other manifestations included bullous pemphigoid (7.4%) and melanoma (4.6%). Conclusion The study revealed several dermatological manifestations of PD, which usually get overlooked by neurologists. Through this study, we want to emphasize that PD, apart from all the motor signs and symptoms, can also present as skin problems, and hence, a multi-disciplinary approach should be taken while managing PD.

Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement and is practiced before all the surgical procedures. Cesarean section is the commonest obstetrics surgery and there is increased rate of C-section due to better diagnosis and early referral. A legitimate consent should be taken from the patient or her guardian before caesarean section. So this study was aimed to assess the adequacy of informed consent process and the understanding of information obtained by the patient. A cross sectional study was done with patients aged more than 18 years and who underwent elective or emergency caesarean section. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of ninety three patients were included. A pretested and pre validated questionnaire was adopted for the study. The data were analyzed and expressed as percentage of proportion. The average age of the participants was 26.11± 3.97 years. About 70.96% of the participants underwent emergency caesarean section and 29.07% underwent elective section. About 91.3% of participants knew the necessity of the cesarean section, 94.62% were informed about the risk of surgery and 95.6% were informed about the benefits of C-section. About 98.92% of participants didn’t know about the type of anesthesia to be used and almost all patients were not informed about their right to refuse the procedure. The patients were well informed about the procedure, the risks and benefits involved in C-section. Still some elements of consent process needs to be improved which can be done by proper awareness and training of the health care professionals.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common reason for women of all ages to consult their gynecologist and is one of the most common debilitating menstrual problems ending up in hysterectomy in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical spectrum and frequency of pathologies in endometrial biopsy of patients with AUB in our population. We also tried to observe the incidence of various pathologies in different age groups presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.Methods: The study was conducted in SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu over a period of eight months. This was a retrospective study done on 217 patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent endometrial sampling in our hospital. The pattern of endometrial changes were studied and classified.Results: Age of the patients in our study ranged from 25 years to 68 years with maximum in the age group of 41-50 years. The commonest clinical feature was menorrhagia followed by metrorrhagia. Evaluation of the endometrium revealed various histopathological patterns like proliferative endometrium, secretory endometrium, disordered proliferative endometrium, pill endometrium, shedding endometrium, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, atrophic endometrium, endometrial polyp, carcinoma endometrium etc.The incidence of malignancy was 1.84%.Conclusions: Histopathological examination of the endometrium showed a wide spectrum of pathological changes ranging from normal endometrium to malignancy thus emphasizing the importance of endometrial sampling as an important diagnostic tool in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Accurate analysis of endometrial samplings is the key to effective therapy and optimal outcome.

Background: COVID-19 has been named as the third most pathogenic human coronavirus disease till date. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic is still continued, and the new strain is expected to co-habit with us for a significant duration. The only way of protection from SARS-CoV-2 depends upon public health interventions such as active testing, along with immediate tracking of cases and limited social gatherings until clinically approved vaccines become widely available. Further, personal prophylactic measures such as social interspacing and proper use of quality masks can prevent the spread of this contagious virus. Objective: The current protocol is aimed to collect data on adverse event, after COVID vaccination and such studies in future can help in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Method: The protocol was conducted in selected centres of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was done over a time period of 3 months. A valid protocol includes two shots of immunization procedure for all enrolled participants. Immediate (within 6 hrs), sudden (within 24 hours) and delayed adverse events occurred after 24 hours of vaccine administration were noted. Conclusion: In India, vaccine pharmacovigilance is still in its developmental stages. Irrespective of whether adverse event (AE) after immunization (AEFI), a steady stream of full information on vaccine-related AE is required. Because there is so few Indian researches on vaccination adverse effects, as a result, need for vaccine pharmacovigilance on a broad scale in India has emerged in recent times.