Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over conventional drugs and are regaining interest in current research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant used as human food and an alternative for medicinal purposes worldwide. An important factor that accounts for the medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide range of vital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition with other useful values. Physiochemical and antioxidant evaluation of moringa leaves yielded 6.59 % moisture content, 9.64 % total ash, 6.38 pH (1 % solution), 5.81 pH (10 % solution), 0.07 % acidity (1% solution), 0.31 % acidity (10% solution), 2.54 mg GAE/100 g total phenolic contents (TPC), 3.68 mg QE/100 g total flavonoids contents (TFC) and 71.98 DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of coumarine, terpenoids, polyphenols, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Antibacterial assay revealed that the highest antibacterial activity of 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml of ethanolic extracts were found to be against E. coli (18.4 mm, and 9.1 mm respectively) followed by S. aureus (12.9 mm, and 8.2 mm respectively), B. subtilis (10.3 mm, and 6.5 mm respectively) and P. aeruginosa (9.3 mm, and 5.2 mm respectively). Moringa extract also inhibited the development of certain bacteria, demonstrating its anti-microbial potential. This study verifies the presence of important phytochemicals in moringa leaf extracts, leading to the conclusion that moringa leaves can be utilized to cure a variety of ailments.

The phytochemicals present in medicinal plants are effective and safe alternative to the chemically synthesized drugs for various diseases. Madagascar periwinkle grown as ornamental plant for its flowers. It is an evergreen that was native to the Madagascar Island. It is so special due to the variety of bioactive compounds present which have medicinal values, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic quality. This study aims to investigate phytochemical analysis of crude aqueous, methanol, chloroform and acetone extracts from leaves and flower of C. roseus. Qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, tannin, phenol, and carbohydrate in all extracts of C. roseus. Both the aqueous and acetone extract of leaf and flower lacks terpenoid, protein, and resin. The most important alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine are derived from leaves and they exhibits anti-cancer and anti-diabetic property. These findings imply that the plant still has the potential to be a valuable source of bioactive substances. Further pharmacological and toxicity studies are necessary to be explored which can be used for the development of medicines.

The phytochemical components of many plant species are used in herbalism because they have been scientifically proven to have medicinal characteristics and approved by regulatory agencies including the European Food Safety Authority or the United States the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, as well as phenolic compounds are examples of the bioactive components found in plants that offer health advantages with a demonstrated physiological effect on people. Around worldwide, the resistance of pathogens to conventional antibiotics is expanding. Since more bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics due to their extensive use, current antimicrobial drugs may become ineffective in treating a number of bacterial infections. Medicinal plants have been the most prolific source of medication bio-resources in terms of phytochemicals for conventional medicines, conventional therapies, nutritional supplements, dietary additives, medicinal intermediary substances, and chemical entities for synthesized pharmaceuticals. Spices have been historically used in food as culinary ingredients and food preservatives from the beginning of time. The current study assesses the screening of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and grapes' phytochemical and anti-microbial activities. The two specimens had been gathered, extracted using various solvents, and qualitatively checked for the existence of various phytochemical kinds. For assessing the antibacterial property against E. coli, the agar diffusion methodology was employed. When employed against E. coli, black grape produced the zone of inhibition with the largest diameter, measured 23.5 mm, while fenugreek produced the smallest, measuring 21.25 mm. The goal of the current study is to identify plants that possess different antimicrobial properties that could be used to analyze and isolate novel phytochemicals to prevent the spread of various infectious diseases, particular in light of the sudden emergence of a growing number of drug-resistant microorganisms and the requirement to create more effective antimicrobial agents.

Milk and milk products are highly nutritious food source that can support growth of many complex microbiota. The development of various culture techniques helps us in isolating and culturing such microorganisms from milk and milk products. Gram staining was used as a preliminary approach. Initially, bacterial identification was done by targeting the cell wall composition by gram staining. Further to identify the genus and species of bacteria different biochemical tests were conducted. These microorganisms enter from a variety of sources and can play a number of roles like facilitating dairy fermentations (e.g., Streptococcus, Lactobacillus), spoilage (e.g., Clostridium, Pseudomonas), causing disease (e.g., Salmonella spp., E. coli). The growth of these causative organisms can be inhibited by the implementation of various anti-microbial tests. The microbial inhibition properties inflicted by voluntarily selected fruit peel extracts was studied against the identified disease-causing microbes. Fruit peels that are being left out after the fruit extract is processed out, are generally rich in bioactive compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, exhibiting antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The anti-oxidants present in the peels of citrus fruits act against the growth of spoilage and disease-causing microbes.