Over the past few decades, many of the world's mangrove forests have experienced significant change, which can be attributed to human activities and also natural causes. However, a component may also be due to factors that are commonly associated with anthropogenic climate change including higher air temperatures, variations in rainfall, increases in storm frequencies and intensities, and rising sea levels. The expected responses of mangrove to these drivers include changes in extent (latitudinal, seaward and landward), growth rates and productivity, and species composition. This paper reviews such responses and then, using examples from Australia, illustrates how these might appear within and be detected using single-date or time-series of remote sensing data acquired in different modes (e.g., aerial photography, optical and radar). In doing so, it informs countries and organisations of the potential impacts of climate change on mangrove forests and how these may be monitored using remote sensing data.

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Appropriate fire management strategies are needed to protect forests and large old ecologically and culturally significant trees in natural landscapes. The aim of this study was to determine the age of large old and relic trees of cultural significance that included Cypress Pine (Callitris columellaris F. Muell.), a species that is sensitive to crown scorching fires in a fire-prone landscape, and to calibrate a tree-growth-rate method for estimating tree age. Twelve large trees were dated using radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating. The trees are located on North Stradbroke Island (Indigenous name: Minjerribah), southeast Queensland (Australia) in a fire-prone landscape where recent wildfires have destroyed many large trees. The median tree ages ranged from 155 to 369 years. These results suggest an important role of past Indigenous land management practices in protecting Cypress Pine from crown scorching fires. The tree-growth-rate-based method for estimating tree age generally overestimated the age derived from radiocarbon dating. Bias correction factors were developed for correcting various measures of periodic growth rates. This study provides evidence that appropriate lowintensity fire strategies have the potential to contribute to the survival of forests and conserve large old trees.