Background This study aimed to determine the impact of pulmonary complications on death after surgery both before and during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Methods This was a patient-level, comparative analysis of two, international prospective cohort studies: one before the pandemic (January–October 2019) and the second during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (local emergence of COVID-19 up to 19 April 2020). Both included patients undergoing elective resection of an intra-abdominal cancer with curative intent across five surgical oncology disciplines. Patient selection and rates of 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications were compared. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. Mediation analysis using a natural-effects model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths during the pandemic attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results This study included 7402 patients from 50 countries; 3031 (40.9 per cent) underwent surgery before and 4371 (59.1 per cent) during the pandemic. Overall, 4.3 per cent (187 of 4371) developed postoperative SARS-CoV-2 in the pandemic cohort. The pulmonary complication rate was similar (7.1 per cent (216 of 3031) versus 6.3 per cent (274 of 4371); P = 0.158) but the mortality rate was significantly higher (0.7 per cent (20 of 3031) versus 2.0 per cent (87 of 4371); P < 0.001) among patients who had surgery during the pandemic. The adjusted odds of death were higher during than before the pandemic (odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 4.67; P < 0.001). In mediation analysis, 54.8 per cent of excess postoperative deaths during the pandemic were estimated to be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 (OR 1.73, 1.40 to 2.13; P < 0.001). Conclusion Although providers may have selected patients with a lower risk profile for surgery during the pandemic, this did not mitigate the likelihood of death through SARS-CoV-2 infection. Care providers must act urgently to protect surgical patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Urban Heat Island phenomenon (UHI) is one of the city microclimate phenomenon that mostly hit many big cities in the World, including Makassar, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the phenomenon of UHI and UHII in Makassar and the surrounding areas. The method used in this study is the analysis of primary data through measurements taken directly to the varied station locations. The measurements are determined by purposive sampling toward the variety of different land uses. The measurements were taken at 11:00 am until 1:00 pm Central Indonesian Time (WITA) and at night from 09.00 to 11.00 pm. The results showed that the mean temperature was 31.29°C during the day and 27.4°C at night. Spatially, the day time showed that the high temperatures (32 to 35°C) are generally located in the downtown areas which are crowded with buildings such as residential, offices and shops. Meanwhile, a lower temperature (29 to 31°C) is generally located in countrysides or outside the city in the form of green areas and open land. The results show that a fairly high temperature causes the comfort of the city the temperatures reduced. Therefore, handle UHI phenomenon needs to be done in an integrated and sustainable.

This study aims to: 1) find out how the picture of learning outcomes of students by using the Discovery Learning learning model in class X SMA Negeri 3 Luwu Utara. 2) find out the increase in geography learning outcomes by using the Discovery Learning learning model in class X SMA Negeri 3 Luwu Utara. The target in this study were students of class X IIS 2 in SMA Negeri 3 North Luwu, totaling 30 students. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK). Consists of 2 cycles where each cycle consists of three meetings. The first and second meetings are material giving and the third meeting is the evaluation of the end of the cycle. The results of this study indicate 1) The average learning outcomes of students before using the discovery learning model is 40.67. Then increase after the application of discovery learning models in the first cycle of 63.267 included in the medium category, and in the second cycle of 75.33 also included in the medium category with a percentage increase of 13.79%. 2) The results of observations of students' activities in the teaching and learning process also increased, in the first cycle of the first meeting of 60.14% and then an increase in the second meeting of 68.88%. In the second cycle the first meeting amounted to 70.83% and experienced a change in the second meeting amounted to 78.47% included in the category of "very active".

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The research aimed to discover (1) the characteristics of the types of business of fishermen community in the settlement of Bajo Tribe in Bajoe Village, (2) the availability and the condition of facilities and infrastructures which supported the business activity of fishermen households in the settlement of Bajo Tribe in Bajoe Village, (3) the strategies which could be done to develop fishermen home based business in the settlement of Bajo Tribe in Bajoe Village. The research employed descriptive qualitative method. The targets of the research were Bajo Tribe community who opened home based business. The data were collected through observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data were processed and analyzed by using descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The result of the research showed that (1) the characteristics of the types of fishermen home based business in the settlement of Bajo Tribe were dominated by business with sea products raw materials such as sea cucumber drying, fish, and shrimp drying as well as restaurants which the raw materials came from inside the settlement area and which the raw materials were not from sea products such as groceries seling, cakes and drink making, and services such as beauty shop; (2) the facilities and infrastructures which supported home based business activities in the settlement of Bajo Tribe were not yet fulfilled. To process the sea products, the product rooms were not yet available, the marketing was only to sell to regular customers, and the infrastructures for settlement garbage and waste were not yet available in all of the segments so it could not support home based business activities; (3) the strategies which could be done to developed home based business of fishermen households in the settlement of Bajo Tribe were by making the settlement area of Bajo Tribe as the center area of sea products processing so it would be better known by the people, developing the settlement of Bajo Tribe by managing the environment and making stalls as well as places to process the sea products so it could become the sales center of souvenirs of Bajo Tribe.