Analysis of The Heat Island Phenomenon in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Urban Heat Island phenomenon (UHI) is one of the city microclimate phenomenon that mostly hit many big cities in the World, including Makassar, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the phenomenon of UHI and UHII in Makassar and the surrounding areas. The method used in this study is the analysis of primary data through measurements taken directly to the varied station locations. The measurements are determined by purposive sampling toward the variety of different land uses. The measurements were taken at 11:00 am until 1:00 pm Central Indonesian Time (WITA) and at night from 09.00 to 11.00 pm. The results showed that the mean temperature was 31.29°C during the day and 27.4°C at night. Spatially, the day time showed that the high temperatures (32 to 35°C) are generally located in the downtown areas which are crowded with buildings such as residential, offices and shops. Meanwhile, a lower temperature (29 to 31°C) is generally located in countrysides or outside the city in the form of green areas and open land. The results show that a fairly high temperature causes the comfort of the city the temperatures reduced. Therefore, handle UHI phenomenon needs to be done in an integrated and sustainable.

Mapping of Poverty Characteristics, based on the quality of Fisherman’s House, Bajo Tribe, South Halmahera, Indonesia

“…As the study in various regions such as in Jakarta and Makassar. [17,16,19] The state of emergency and semi-permanent houses will be directly affected by high temperatures, even droughts, [20,21] leading to the inconvenience of fishermen's life.…”

“…" [17,16,19] The state of emergency and semi-permanent houses will be directly affected by high temperatures, even droughts, [20,21] [21]. The convenience of life will be exacerbated by the occurrence of the current temperature increase.…”

“…The convenience of life will be exacerbated by the occurrence of the current temperature increase. As the study in various regions such as in Jakarta and Makassar [17]; [18]; [19]. The state of emergency and semi-permanent houses will be directly affected by high temperatures, even droughts [20]; [21], leading to the inconvenience of fishermen's life, even against the progression of the disease as dengue fever disease [22].…”

Monitoring the Built-up Area Transformation Using Urban Index and Normalized Difference Built-up Index Analysis

“…Meanwhile, research by Maru et al [5], showed that from 1990 to 2010 there has been a variation in land use from cultivation to a settlement area of approximately 23.91%, According to Law article no. 26, year 2007 about green open area, that park city that is at least 30%, with 20 percent of green open spaces public and 10 percent is open space private green.…”

“…Like cities in other developing countries, Makassar City has experienced substantial property protection changes due to the fast advance of the population directly affecting the high activity and human needs such as housing, transportation facilities, shopping centers, government, education and industry. According to Maru et al [5], that now there has been an increase of Makassar's built area by 15.2% in the last 5 years. On the other hand, however, while the increase in municipal zones is a benchmark of fiscal, community, and political situation, growth in building area, can directly reduce the size of forests, farmlands, plantations, and parks [6].…”