This paper presents formulae tables, and figures that can be used to estimate the ratio of mean windspeed acting on the flame from a spreading wildland fire to the mean windspeed 20 ft (6 m) above the vegetation cover. The formulae are based upon the logarithinic windspeed variation law characteristic of constant shear turbulent flow, and are restricted to flat terrain with uniform, continuous vegetation cover.By equating integrated bulk drag due to crown foliage to the shear stress at the top of the crown layer, a model for relating windspeed within and below a uniform forest canopy to windspeed 20 ft (6 m) over the canopy is developed. Important variables in this model include stand height, crown closure, foliar surface/ volume ratio, and crown bulk density. Comparison of model predictions with reported experimental measurements shows good agreement.

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Schmid, J.M; Mata, S. A. 1996. Natural variability of specific forest insect populations and their associated effects in Colorado.

Analysis of data from seven specimens revealed a composite fire interval in ponderosa pine of 2.4 years from 1745 to 1876 (122 years), a shorter interval than previously reported. In all cases, composite fire intervals were shorter than individual specimen intervals.

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