Effective physiological bone integration and absence of bacterial infection are essential for a successful orthopaedic or dental implant. This work elucidated the antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility of electroplated Cu(II) and Zn(II) co-substituted hydroxyapatite (HAP) (i.e., ZnCuHAP) coating on commercially pure titanium (Ti-cp). To improve the antibacterial property of pure HAP, Cu 2+ was substituted into its structure.Simultaneously, Zn 2+ is co-substituted as secondary material into CuHAP to offset the potential cytotoxicity of Cu, because elevated Cu concentration is toxic. The as-deposited coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Co-doping of Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ into HAP reduced the porosity, resulting in a denser coating. The Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ ions were homogenously co-deposited into HAP films. Potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed 2 that the ZnCuHAP covered coating provided good barrier characteristics and achieved superior corrosion protection for Ti substrates. The as-prepared ZnCuHAP coating was found to be highly effective against Escherichia coli in vitro. In vitro biocompatibility tests and MTT were employed to assess the cytotoxicity of ZnCuHAP coating with osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. No adverse effect or cytotoxicity on osteoblasts by Zn/Cu addition was observed, revealing that the co-substitution of Zn in CuHAP efficiently offsets the adverse effects of Cu and improves the performance compared with that of pure HAP. 15 comparison with the HAP coating and the control. Antimicrobial results revealed that Cu ions released from ZnCuHAP present a strong bactericidal effect against these organisms (antimicrobial ratio > 95%). This enhancement may be due to the high release of copper in ZnCuHAP in the PBS medium after 24 h incubation (based on the ICP-AES analysis).The antibacterial tests results revealed that pure HAP coating has no antibacterial property.The pure HAP plate showed more colonies than the control sample (Fig. 6). This finding showed that proteins, amino acids, and other organic matter are readily adsorbed on the HAP surface, which could favour adsorption and replication of bacteria on the coating, usually causing implant-related infections [37]. Therefore, endowing antimicrobial properties to HAP is necessary. Several recent studies have introduced antimicrobial activity of materials that involve Cu(II) ions. Du et al. [38] have suggested that chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cu(II) ions interact with bacterial cell membranes of E. coli, causing structural changes and, eventually, cell death. Nan et al. [39] also suggested that structure of the outer cell membrane responsible for cell permeability is significantly altered for E. coli after contact with antimicrobial stainless steel with Cu(II) ions. This finding indicates that cell walls were badly undermined, and numerous cellular contents are released. Notably, Zn ions released fromZnCuHAP may also exhi...

This work elucidated the antibacterial efficacy, corrosion resistance, and cytotoxicity of electroplated copper-substituted hydroxyapatite (CuHAP) coating on titanium (Ti). The fabricated CuHAP coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energydispersive X-ray analysis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. The CuHAP coating had needle-like apatite crystals, the doping of Cu 2? into HAP reduced porosity, and the coating became denser. The CuHAP crystals were carbonated with a few of Cu 2? incorporation (about 0.80 wt%). The Cu 2? ions were homogenously deposited into HAP films. Potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed that the CuHAP coating provided good barrier characteristics and achieved superior corrosion protection for Ti substrates. The in vitro antibacterial activity of asprepared CuHAP coating was evaluated against Escherichia coli and was found to be effectively high against bacterial colonization. Bioactivity test conducted by soaking the coatings in simulated body fluid demonstrated that CuHAP coating can quickly induce bone-like apatite nucleation and growth. In vitro biocompatibility tests, MTT, were employed to assess the cytotoxicity of Cu-HAP coating with osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The obtained HAP coating doped with a low content of Cu 2? exhibited good cytocompatibility and had no toxicity toward MC3T3-E1.

The senior market signifies an enormous, rapidly expanding segment, and this research aimed to investigate this segment by proposing a theoretical model incorporating the antecedents of consumer flow experience, flow theory, and technology acceptance model (TAM) devised for determining social media purchase intention. This study focuses on the senior citizens engaged in shopping using social media located in Pakistan. A total of 300 senior citizens were selected. An online survey was conducted with the help of a marketing research agency located in Pakistan. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) method. According to the results, the antecedents, such as feedback, enjoyment, and time distortion were found to be in a positive relationship with flow experience, however, the concentration did not have a significant effect on the flow. Furthermore, the flow was found to be in a significant relationship with social media purchase intention and TAM. Finally, TAM was also found to be in a positive significant relationship with social media purchase intention. This research contributes to the constantly expanding volume of the utilization of social media by the senior market segment population for buying and producing the highly valuable knowledge for manufacturers, wholesalers, vendors, and a huge number of senior customers.

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